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City development limited: Industry case studies: Real estate

DBS Bank
City Developments Limited outlines its sustainability strategy, focusing on climate resilience, stakeholder engagement, and SDG-aligned investments. The report details historical drivers, innovation in green building, ESG integration, and financial performance, highlighting case studies on technology adoption and partnerships to advance low-carbon operations and responsible real estate growth.
Research
20 September 2021

Evidencing financial materiality of sovereign ESG risk

London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG)
This report analyses the relationship between sovereign ESG risks and credit risk across 70 countries. Using FTSE Russell/Beyond Ratings data and five-year CDS spreads, it finds stronger financial materiality of ESG risks in emerging and high-yield markets, particularly for social and governance factors, with weaker results for environmental risks.
Research
11 October 2023

ESG and global investor returns study

Kroll
This report analyses the link between ESG integration and global investor returns, drawing on cross-regional data and sector comparisons. It assesses how environmental, social, and governance factors correlate with performance, highlighting variations across markets and asset classes. The study provides evidence-based insights on ESG’s financial materiality for investors worldwide.
Research
13 September 2023

How ESG affected corporate credit risk and performance

MSCI Inc.
This report analyses how ESG ratings influence corporate bond risk and performance. It finds that higher ESG-rated issuers show stronger financials, lower systematic and idiosyncratic risks, and better credit quality. ESG ratings provide additional insights beyond credit ratings, especially for high-yield and longer-dated investment-grade bonds.
Research
17 November 2021

MSCI ESG ratings in global equity markets: A long-term performance review

MSCI Inc.
This MSCI report reviews the long-term performance of ESG ratings in global and developed equity markets. It finds that higher-rated companies outperformed peers, driven by stronger earnings growth and dividend yields rather than valuation effects. MSCI ESG indexes also generally outperformed their benchmarks across regions and during crises.
Research
16 April 2024

Externalities and the common owner

This article analyses institutional investors’ incentives to internalise negative externalities across their portfolios. It focuses on climate change, showing how large asset managers influence fossil fuel companies to reduce emissions, disclose risks, and limit lobbying, reframing shareholder primacy by prioritising portfolio-wide welfare over firm-level profit maximisation.
Research
20 November 2021

Companies should maximize shareholder welfare not market value

This report summarises why firms should maximise shareholder welfare rather than market value, noting that investors often have ethical and social preferences beyond profit. It proposes shareholder voting on corporate policy to better align company decisions with investor welfare, particularly where externalities are inseparable from production.
Research
30 September 2017
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