This guide explores how co-operative and mutual enterprises (CMEs) can produce positive social change, given their member-owned structure. Beyond the case study of Teachers Mutual Bank Ltd, the guide also highlights the scalability of CMEs, demonstrating the versatility of their business structure across financial institutions.

The article interprets Copernicus’s Global Climate Highlights 2025 as a shift from episodic extremes to a structurally warmer, more volatile baseline. It argues that persistent temperature exceedances, ocean heat, cryosphere decline, and overlapping hazards demand a move from climate risk awareness to disciplined adaptation and continuity planning.

The LSTA Sustainable Lending Library compiles market-standard frameworks and guidance for green, social and sustainability-linked loans, plus a draft Transition Loans Guide. Developed with LMA and APLMA, it supports consistent application of sustainable finance principles in private credit and syndicated loan markets.

Analyses 162 cases (2015–2025) of 11 financial instruments financing climate adaptation. Finds blended finance most prevalent, with instruments mainly supporting ex-ante risk reduction. Adaptation finance is largely pooled and increasingly multicountry. Use varies by income level, highlighting growing innovation to mobilise capital for resilience.

This expert guide outlines the rationale, tools and barriers for mobilising climate finance to deliver resilient infrastructure. It examines adaptation and mitigation finance, funding gaps, economic benefits, and stakeholder roles, supported by case studies demonstrating blended finance, insurance and public–private approaches in developing and developed contexts.

Aurora Trust is a UK-based grant-making charity focused on climate change mitigation, environmental conservation and sustainable development. Part of the Sainsbury Family Charitable Trusts, it funds programmes in nature connection, sustainable farming, stopping deforestation and energy efficiency to support efforts aligned with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C goal.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a United States government agency within the Department of Homeland Security focused on disaster management. It helps communities prepare for, respond to, recover from, and mitigate natural and human-made emergencies. FEMA provides emergency assistance, risk reduction guidance, and resilience resources nationwide.

Columbia University is a leading research university based in New York City, offering undergraduate, postgraduate and professional education across arts, sciences, engineering, business and medicine.

Through global research initiatives, public policy engagement and interdisciplinary scholarship, Columbia University advances innovation, academic excellence and societal impact, and community partnerships worldwide for society.