This study provides the first causal estimate of ocean temperature impacts on European fishing revenue. Using a novel Marine Degree Day metric, it finds that heat exposure is three times more damaging than cold. Projections suggest annual losses could reach €560 million by 2100, disproportionately affecting lower-income equatorial regions.

This guidance details how circular economy strategies help banks achieve nature-related targets under the Principles for Responsible Banking. It identifies specific circular interventions across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting the business case for financing transitions that reduce resource dependency and manage nature-related physical and transition risks.

This report assesses financial regulations across eleven jurisdictions against Global Biodiversity Framework targets. It identifies a significant implementation gap, finding no jurisdiction requires full alignment of financial flows with biodiversity goals. Recommendations include integrating biodiversity into monetary policy, implementing binding double materiality disclosures, and establishing mandatory portfolio-alignment targets.

This report provides an action plan for stock exchanges to integrate nature-related considerations into capital markets. It outlines a framework—establish, activate, enable, and educate—to help market participants manage dependencies and risks while mobilising capital for nature-positive outcomes and resilient economies.

This seventh GCRMN assessment reveals a 9.5% relative decline in global hard coral cover since 2009, driven by intensifying marine heatwaves. While reefs show recovery potential, shortening disturbance intervals threaten long-term resilience. The report provides a critical evidence base across 123 countries to inform global conservation policy.

This research establishes a framework for assessing physical nature-related financial risks through scenario-based analysis. It highlights that nature loss, particularly water-related risks, creates significant macro-criticality for economies, with potentially 7-9% of global GDP at risk. The paper provides building blocks for central banks to prioritise and mitigate these systemic risks.

This research assesses the societal value of bottom trawling in Europe, finding annual net costs up to €16 billion. Significant climate impacts from disturbed seabed carbon outweigh private profits. The study highlights substantial trawling within Marine Protected Areas and suggests redirecting subsidies to support an industry transition.

This report analyses 54 nature investment vehicles to evaluate their effectiveness in mobilising institutional private capital. It identifies sector concentration in forestry and agriculture and highlights gaps in marine ecosystems. The findings emphasise the necessity of blended finance and technical assistance to scale nature-positive investments effectively.

This research introduces the Blue Well-being Index to assess ocean-derived prosperity across 143 countries. Projections under high-emission scenarios indicate a nine per cent global decline by 2100. Both high-income and low-income nations face disproportionate losses, necessitating coordinated international mitigation and conservation efforts to protect ocean health.

This guide helps bank chief risk officers and risk committees manage nature-related financial risks and opportunities. Developed by the TNFD and UNEP FI, it details how to integrate nature into risk frameworks, evaluate portfolio dependencies, and respond to evolving global regulations and investor expectations.

This study of 832 euro area banks indicates that lenders are increasingly factoring pollution-induced biodiversity risks into their decisions. Banks primarily mitigate these exposures by lowering loan-to-value ratios, particularly for companies operating near protected areas or those linked to water quality failures. This trend reflects growing regulatory and financial awareness.

The Guidance on the Identification and Assessment of Nature-related Issues: The LEAP Approach series, published by the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD), provides a structured methodology for organisations and financial institutions to identify, evaluate, manage and report nature-related dependencies, impacts, risks and opportunities.

This report explores Indigenous ocean law, critiquing Western legal frameworks while advocating for Indigenous-led marine management. It highlights the Haida Nation’s success in securing marine title through negotiation and litigation, and presents conceptual tools like keystone theory and the rights of nature to support sustainable ocean governance.

This research examines how nature-related risks affect the financial system and central bank risk management. It provides empirical evidence of biodiversity risk pricing in Eurozone corporate bonds and proposes a four-stage framework—identification, assessment, mitigation, and disclosure—to help central banks protect their balance sheets and maintain financial stability.

This European Central Bank report analyses the financial stability risks of biodiversity loss in the euro area. It reveals that 75% of corporate loans are highly nature-dependent. Under adverse scenarios, potential bank losses from ecosystem degradation could nearly triple compared to sustainability-aligned pathways.

This NGFS report provides a conceptual framework for central banks and supervisors to assess nature-related financial risks. It defines physical and transition risks and outlines a three-phase approach for risk identification, economic assessment, and financial system impact. Illustrative cases on the Amazon and Colorado River demonstrate the framework’s application.