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GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

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Weathering extremes: A toolkit for information resilience amid disaster

Council on Strategic Risks
This toolkit provides strategies for state and local governments to manage misinformation during extreme weather. It details trust architecture, risk triaging, and proactive 'pre-bunking' techniques. It examines threat vectors, including AI-generated harms and geopolitical interference, to protect public safety and build community resilience during disasters.
Research
1 September 2026

Buildings efficiency: Special report

International Energy Agency (IEA)
This IEA report details a pathway to reduce buildings' energy intensity by 25% by 2035. It identifies equipment efficiency, building envelopes, electrification, and clean cooking as primary levers. To succeed, annual investment must triple to USD 1.2 trillion and efficiency progress must more than double from current rates.
Research
3 November 2026

Social vulnerability amplifies global inequality in urban heat risk

This research assesses urban heat risk across 1,029 global cities between 2000 and 2019. It reveals that incorporating multidimensional social vulnerability increases the identified North-South inequality by 65%. Urban heat risk trends in the Global South are nearly five times those of the Global North, necessitating equitable climate adaptation strategies.
Research
11 October 2026

The economic case for nature-based infrastructure: Lessons from 45 projects across 29 countries

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
This report synthesises 45 assessments across 29 countries to demonstrate the economic case for nature-based infrastructure. It reveals a median benefit-to-cost ratio of 3.21 and an internal rate of return of 38%. The study recommends reforms in public finance and planning to overcome institutional barriers and scale investment.
Research
5 October 2026

Banking on local places: Credit unions as engines of fairer local economies

Fairness Foundation
This report examines credit unions as drivers for fairer local economies in the United Kingdom. It highlights financial exclusion, showing only two per cent of the population are members. Recommendations include empowering Pride in Place Neighbourhood Boards and introducing a Fair Banking Act to increase affordable credit access and community reinvestment.
Research
19 October 2026

Addressing insurability: A playbook for investing in place-based resilience

World Economic Forum
The global insurance landscape faces a risk management crisis, with natural catastrophe losses exceeding $100 billion annually. This report outlines four interventions to improve place-based resilience: improving risk-decision data, creating innovative financing structures, establishing trusted metrics, and realising co-benefits through multi-stakeholder coalitions to enhance insurability.
Research
15 September 2026

Adaptation & resilience impact: A measurement framework for investors

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
This report provides a practical framework for investors to assess the positive impact of climate adaptation and resilience investments. It applies the 'Five Dimensions of Impact' to private finance, categorising outcomes across people, planet, and economy. The guidance offers clear metrics to help scale and manage adaptation portfolios.
Research
1 April 2024

Climate City Contract 2030 climate neutrality investment plan: Guidance and explanations

NetZeroCities
This guidance document assists Mission Cities in developing a 2030 Climate Neutrality Investment Plan. It provides a systematic framework to quantify capital requirements, identify funding sources, and establish enabling policies. The plan integrates with the Climate City Contract to mobilise investment for city-wide decarbonisation efforts.
Research
10 October 2022

Moving beyond exposure: A globally comparable framework for heat risk assessment in cities

This research provides a globally comparable framework for urban heat risk assessment, integrating hazard exposure, socio-economic vulnerability, and coping capacity. Analysing 205 large cities, it finds that 95% of high-risk areas are concentrated in the Global South, where infrastructural deficits and demographic factors significantly amplify climatic hazards.
Research
21 May 2026

Two decades of urban heat intensification and exposure across 1400 cities

This report analyses satellite-based land surface temperature and population exposure across 1400 global cities between 2002 and 2021. Findings indicate that urban surface temperatures rose significantly, with climate change amplifying heat exposure by 82% relative to population growth alone, particularly affecting continental and arid regions.
Research
25 May 2026

The adaptation and resilience imperative: From classification to capital allocation

Schroders
This report evaluates 102 climate adaptation activities using a benefit-cost framework, highlighting a US$1 trillion market for resilience technologies. It provides sector-specific internal rates of return and outlines strategies for integrating adaptation as a quality factor and risk hedge within institutional investment portfolios.
Research
4 September 2026

Homework in climate economics: Household production, environmental preferences, and climate policy

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This research analyses household energy use and climate policy, identifying residential solar as a cornerstone for cost-effective abatement. It finds that environmental preferences significantly lower baseline emissions, while income-targeted subsidies provide minimal fiscal savings. The study emphasises the vital complementarity between solar and electricity-intensive equipment like electric vehicles.
Research
20 October 2026

Defining the globe’s flood risk

First Street
This report assesses global flood risk, identifying that 1.92 billion people and $18.8 trillion in economic output are currently exposed. Using high-resolution hydraulic modelling, it details accelerating losses and projects future vulnerability across regions including Asia-Pacific and Africa, providing a framework for prioritising resilience and financial protection.
Research
1 January 2025

Pollution monitoring and the pricing of environmental risk in firms

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This study investigates China's air quality monitoring rollout, showing that increased pollution salience prompts financial analysts to produce more environmental research. This leads to market repricing, with brown firms facing valuation losses and green firms seeing gains, representing 5% of total market capitalisation and enhancing price efficiency.
Research
22 October 2026

Property insurance and disaster risk: New evidence from mortgage escrow data

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This report analyses homeowners insurance premiums using mortgage escrow data from 2014 to 2024. It documents rapid premium increases and a doubling of the risk-to-premium gradient, driven by global reinsurance costs. These rising costs have significant impacts on home values, particularly in areas facing high climate risk.
Research
27 October 2026

Nature-related risks and the Australian real estate sector – one step forward, two steps back?

This exploratory study analyses how ten major Australian real estate companies disclose and manage nature-related financial risks. It finds low engagement and nascent practices, with many companies winding back initial commitments. The authors suggest that mandatory standards and policy reforms are essential to drive significant corporate action on biodiversity loss.
Research
23 June 2026
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