Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) is Singapore’s central bank and integrated financial regulator. MAS oversees banking, insurance, securities and payment systems, conducts monetary policy, issues currency and manages foreign reserves. It promotes financial stability, supports fintech innovation and develops Singapore as a global financial centre through regulation, supervision and policy guidance.

Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) is an independent research institute specialising in geotechnical engineering and engineering geoscience. It delivers applied research, testing and consulting on infrastructure, landslides, offshore energy and climate resilience, supporting public authorities and industry with science-based solutions worldwide. Founded in Norway, it works globally across mitigation and development.

PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a non-profit open access scientific publisher dedicated to advancing open science and accessible research publishing. It publishes peer-reviewed open access journals spanning life, health, sustainability and technology research, enabling free online access to scientific findings globally.

MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) is a Swiss-based publisher of open access, peer-reviewed journals, established in 1996. MDPI publishes over 470 academic journals across science, technology and medicine, with authors covering article processing charges to enable unrestricted global access.

London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is a global research university specialising in economics, politics, law, social policy and data science. Based in London, LSE offers undergraduate, graduate and executive degrees, and leads in social science research, public policy impact and global academic partnerships.

This study analyses whether investor engagement on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues reduces firms’ downside risk. Using data from 1,443 engagements with 485 global firms (2005–2018), it finds that successful engagements, particularly on environmental and climate issues, significantly lower downside risk and related environmental incidents.

EDHEC Business School is an international, triple-accredited (AACSB, AMBA, EQUIS) business school with campuses in Lille, Nice, Paris, London and Singapore. It offers a broad portfolio of programmes like BBA, master's in management, MSc, MBA, PhD and executive education, emphasising research, global partnerships and real-world impact.

City Developments Limited outlines its sustainability strategy, focusing on climate resilience, stakeholder engagement, and SDG-aligned investments. The report details historical drivers, innovation in green building, ESG integration, and financial performance, highlighting case studies on technology adoption and partnerships to advance low-carbon operations and responsible real estate growth.

DBS Bank India is a digital-led universal bank offering personal, SME, corporate and wealth management services. Features include resident and non-resident (NRI) savings and fixed deposit accounts, remittance, loans, digital payments and credit/debit card solutions. Positions as Asia’s safest bank with a wide India branch network.

The Point of No Returns benchmark series assesses the world’s largest asset managers on responsible investment across climate, biodiversity, social issues, governance, and stewardship. Published by ShareAction, the series provides rankings, sector-wide analysis, and examples of practice to guide improvement and accountability.

Kroll is a global financial and risk advisory firm offering services in valuation, investigations, cyber-resilience, regulatory compliance, transaction advisory, restructuring and business services.
With around 6,500 experts across 32 countries, Kroll helps clients build, protect and maximise enterprise value through data, technology and intelligence.

This report summarises why firms should maximise shareholder welfare rather than market value, noting that investors often have ethical and social preferences beyond profit. It proposes shareholder voting on corporate policy to better align company decisions with investor welfare, particularly where externalities are inseparable from production.

GIC (Government of Singapore Investment Corporation) is a global long-term sovereign investor managing Singapore’s foreign reserves. Established in 1981, it delivers disciplined, diversified portfolio management across equities, fixed income, real estate and infrastructure. Committed to preserving and enhancing long-term purchasing power, GIC emphasises risk management and sustainable investing.

This report provides practical guidance for applying the Singapore-Asia Taxonomy (SAT) in green and transition financing. It addresses data gaps, evolving criteria, transition plans, and scenarios where full alignment with SAT is not possible, promoting credible financing practices across Southeast Asia’s key sectors.

Singapore Sustainable Finance Association (SSFA) supports Singapore’s emergence as a trusted, vibrant and inclusive sustainable‑finance centre. Established in January 2024 by Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and financial industry stakeholders, SSFA drives collaboration across financial, corporate and academic sectors via workstreams on taxonomy, carbon markets, transition finance, blended finance and natural capital.

The report explores how board directors perceive and advance climate action. While most recognise its importance and opportunity, competing priorities and knowledge gaps hinder progress. Local Chapters of the Climate Governance Initiative are shown to support action through resources, training, and peer networks across varied global contexts.