This white paper analyses how climate change and nature loss are widening insurance protection gaps in advanced economies. It outlines impacts on affordability and coverage, and recommends combining climate mitigation, nature-based solutions, and regulatory reforms to strengthen resilience and maintain insurability.

ADEME (French Agency for Ecological Transition) is a French public agency supporting ecological and energy transition, climate action, renewable energy, circular economy, and sustainable development. It mobilises citizens, businesses and territories, funds research and innovation, and provides expertise, tools and guidance to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect natural resources.

Éclaircies is an independent expert collective producing open-source climate, energy and environmental analysis. It develops data tools, methodologies and reports to improve transparency on fossil fuel exposure, emissions and transition risks. Outputs support researchers, journalists, civil society and policymakers seeking evidence-based insights across global climate finance and energy systems worldwide.

BNP Paribas Foundation is a corporate philanthropic foundation funding projects in climate and biodiversity, social inclusion, education, and culture. Backed by BNP Paribas Group, it supports NGOs, researchers and cultural organisations through grants, partnerships and long-term programmes, promoting sustainable development, environmental protection and social impact worldwide across multiple global regions.

Bpifrance’s European Defence Bond Framework defines principles for issuing use-of-proceeds bonds financing eligible defence-sector projects, mainly SMEs, to support European sovereignty. It details eligibility criteria, exclusions, ESG safeguards, governance, reporting, and proceeds management, while stating the bonds are not ICMA-aligned sustainable instruments.

Tecnalia Research & Innovation (Tecnalia) is a private, independent, non-profit applied research and technological development centre based in Spain. It collaborates with companies and institutions to enhance competitiveness, drive innovation, and support sustainable growth across sectors like energy, manufacturing, digital transformation and mobility.

ADS Group is a UK trade association representing aerospace, defence, security and space industries. It supports member companies through policy advocacy, industry insights, international trade promotion, standards engagement and sector events, helping strengthen competitiveness, innovation and sustainable growth across UK advanced manufacturing and technology sectors.

The report finds European pension funds and insurers have limited capacity to scale EMDE investment. Even doubling allocations by the 35 largest asset owners would yield about USD 120 billion annually, concentrated in investment-grade assets. Regulation constrains insurers more than pension funds.

The report estimates premature mortality, years of life lost and asthma cases in the EU and UK attributable to indoor nitrogen dioxide from gas cooking. Using modelling of indoor exposures and concentration–response functions, it quantifies associated economic costs and highlights potential health gains from transitioning to cleaner cooking energy

World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) is an intergovernmental body setting international standards for animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health. WOAH supports governments through disease surveillance, scientific guidance and capacity building, helping manage transboundary animal diseases and zoonotic risks worldwide, and strengthening global veterinary systems and policy coordination.

INRAE is France’s national public research institute for agriculture, food and the environment. It conducts scientific research supporting sustainable food systems, climate resilience, biodiversity, and public policy, working with governments, academia and international partners to address environmental and agri-food challenges.

Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) is a French agricultural research and international cooperation organisation focused on sustainable development in tropical and Mediterranean regions. It builds scientific knowledge, supports resilient farming systems, and fosters sustainability in food systems, biodiversity and climate adaptation worldwide.

Bpifrance is a French public investment bank dedicated to financing and supporting business growth, innovation and export activities across France. It offers loans, guarantees, equity investments and business support for entrepreneurs, startups, small-to-medium enterprises and mid-sized companies, backed by state ownership and public policy objectives.

This report synthesises discussions from an international round table on financing city-level climate action, highlighting how local governments overcome fiscal constraints through tailored funding scales, partnerships, innovative revenue mechanisms, and long-term approaches to deliver major decarbonisation programmes across Europe and North America.

The report analyses how legal frameworks across major jurisdictions shape investors’ ability to pursue sustainability impact. It clarifies when impact-focused approaches are permitted or required and outlines policy options to support them. It provides guidance for aligning investment decisions with sustainability goals while maintaining financial objectives.

Alliance pour le GIECO is a global non-profit network supporting the Groupe International d’Experts sur les Changements de Comportement (GIECO — International Panel on Behavior Change, IPBC). Through interdisciplinary behavioural-science research and public-policy briefs, it helps organisations understand human behaviour for transitions in climate, economy and society.