This study models the financial system’s role in climate transition using participatory system dynamics with Dutch financial actors. It identifies reinforcing feedbacks like learning, technological lock-in, finance culture and passive investment and proposes seventeen policy and institutional interventions to redirect capital towards sustainable assets and align finance with Paris Agreement goals.

Wageningen University & Research (WUR) is a leading Dutch academic institution focused on sustainable food systems, climate change, biodiversity, agriculture and environmental science.

It combines university education with applied and fundamental research to address global challenges in nutrition, health, water and circular bioeconomy. WUR partners with industry and governments worldwide.

The Europe Sustainable Development Report 2025 assesses EU, EFTA, UK and candidate countries’ progress on the SDGs using updated indices. It highlights stalled convergence, rising within-country inequalities and significant international spillovers, and calls for scaled-up green, social and multilateral investment under the EU’s 2024–2029 leadership.

Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth Netherlands) is a Dutch environmental organisation tackling climate change, pollution and corporate accountability since 1971. It mobilises supporters through campaigns, research and legal action to push businesses and government towards climate justice and sustainable policies. Headquartered in Amsterdam with a strong grassroots network.

This white paper analyses how climate change and nature loss are widening insurance protection gaps in advanced economies. It outlines impacts on affordability and coverage, and recommends combining climate mitigation, nature-based solutions, and regulatory reforms to strengthen resilience and maintain insurability.

Changing Markets Foundation accelerates sustainability market shifts by exposing irresponsible corporate practices and promoting environmentally and socially beneficial solutions. Working with NGOs and research partners, it drives campaigns on climate, plastics, food systems and fashion to influence markets and public policy. It is an independent environmental advocacy nonprofit.

The report finds European pension funds and insurers have limited capacity to scale EMDE investment. Even doubling allocations by the 35 largest asset owners would yield about USD 120 billion annually, concentrated in investment-grade assets. Regulation constrains insurers more than pension funds.

The report estimates premature mortality, years of life lost and asthma cases in the EU and UK attributable to indoor nitrogen dioxide from gas cooking. Using modelling of indoor exposures and concentration–response functions, it quantifies associated economic costs and highlights potential health gains from transitioning to cleaner cooking energy

Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands (SER) is an independent advisory body where employers, employees and independent experts collaborate to advise Dutch government and Parliament on social and economic policy, sustainable growth, labour market and inclusive prosperity. SER also facilitates national agreements and covenants on socio-economic issues.

NATO Innovation Fund (NIF) is a standalone multi-sovereign venture capital fund, backed by 24 NATO Allies, deploying over €1 billion in deep tech investments. It invests in cutting-edge science and engineering startups to strengthen defence, security and resilience across allied nations, with a focus on AI, biotech, autonomy and space technologies.

RAND Europe is an independent, not-for-profit policy research organisation dedicated to improving policy and decision-making through rigorous, objective research and analysis. It conducts evidence-based research across defence, health, technology, social policy, education and more to help governments, institutions and organisations make informed strategic decisions.

International Criminal Court is a permanent international court based in The Hague. It investigates and prosecutes genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. Established under the Rome Statute, it supports international justice, accountability and rule of law.

The report analyses how legal frameworks across major jurisdictions shape investors’ ability to pursue sustainability impact. It clarifies when impact-focused approaches are permitted or required and outlines policy options to support them. It provides guidance for aligning investment decisions with sustainability goals while maintaining financial objectives.

Global Rights Compliance (GRC) is an international legal foundation founded in 2013 that applies international humanitarian and human-rights law to advance accountability and justice. GRC works globally in conflict-affected and high-risk zones — offering legal advice, human rights due diligence, investigations and training for governments, businesses and civil society.

Equileap is a global leader in workplace equality research offering a comprehensive database of over 6,000 companies’ gender, race/ethnicity and LGBTQ+ diversity metrics. It supports asset managers and pension funds in integrating equality into investment decisions and building sustainable portfolios aligned with social-impact and ESG criteria.

Phenix Capital Group is an Amsterdam-based impact investing intelligence and advisory firm. It helps institutional investors and fund managers access curated impact fund data, conduct impact due diligence, and develop financial-first impact strategies tied to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).