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Corporate nature targets: Ensuring the credibility of EU-regulated commitments

World Wide Fund for Nature (World Wildlife Fund – WWF)
This report analyses EU corporate nature-target setting under the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and European Sustainability Reporting Standards. It recommends aligning targets with Science Based Targets for Nature (SBTN) to enhance credibility, comparability, and ensure alignment with ecological thresholds, fostering transparency across corporate value chains and EU environmental objectives.
Research
15 October 2024

The board playbook: Winning strategies for long-term value creation

FCLTGlobal
This report outlines strategies for corporate boards to foster long-term value creation. It highlights the need for tailored governance, alignment between boards and management, and adaptive practices across geographies. Practical toolkits support board effectiveness through strategic focus, risk management, and director development.
Research
10 May 2025

CEW's senior executive census series

Chief Executive Women (CEW)
This benchmark series tracks annual progress in women's representation in executive leadership roles across the ASX300. It provides a consistent and comparative overview of gender diversity trends, highlights structural barriers, and evaluates corporate efforts towards achieving gender balance in leadership.
Benchmark/series
18 September 2024

The saliency-materiality nexus: Addressing systemic risks to people and portfolios in a turbulent world

Heartland Initiative
This report introduces the saliency-materiality nexus, a framework linking severe human rights harms to financially material risks in conflict-affected areas. It highlights case studies totalling over $85 billion in losses and offers guidance for investors on due diligence, portfolio risk management, and alignment with legal and ethical responsibilities.
Research
23 August 2024

Human rights due diligence for private markets investors: A technical guide

Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI)
This guide outlines how private markets investors can integrate human rights due diligence into investment processes, aligned with the UN Guiding Principles. It covers policy commitments, risk assessment, stakeholder engagement, and remedy provision to address human rights impacts, mitigate risk, and meet evolving legal and societal expectations.
Research
7 June 2023

Reconsidering the macroeconomic damage of severe warming

This study finds that accounting for global weather conditions significantly increases projected macroeconomic damage from climate change. Global GDP losses by 2100 may rise from ~11% to ~40% under high emissions. Incorporating global effects also reduces the optimal warming threshold from 2.7°C to 1.7°C, aligning with Paris Agreement targets.
Research
31 March 2025

The race against time for smarter development: To be smart, the digital revolution will need to be inclusive

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
The report underscores the need for inclusivity in the digital revolution, highlighting gender disparities in STEM fields. Women are underrepresented in digital and engineering roles, limiting their access to future job opportunities. Policy interventions, improved workplace conditions, and equitable funding are essential to fostering diversity in technological innovation and ensuring sustainable, inclusive development.
Research
27 June 2021

Free Prior and Informed Consent: An indigenous peoples’ right and a good practice for local communities

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
This manual explores the unique characteristics of indigenous food systems. It highlights their sustainability and resilience, particularly in the context of climate change, and underscores the importance of preserving and learning from these traditional practices.
Research
5 October 2016

Pensions in the age of artificial intelligence

CFA Institute
The report explores how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can address challenges in global pension systems. It highlights AI's potential to enhance governance, personalisation, fraud prevention, and investment strategies while emphasising ethical implementation and data privacy considerations to optimise retirement outcomes and ensure system sustainability.
Research
17 December 2024

Accounting for cryptocurrency climate impacts

South Pole Carbon
The report examines the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with cryptocurrencies, proposing a hybrid allocation method to attribute these emissions to stakeholders based on cryptocurrency holdings and transactions. It highlights the environmental impact of Proof-of-Work protocols, the efficiency of Proof-of-Stake, and offers guidance aligned with GHG Protocol standards.
Research
21 April 2022

Environmental impact of digital assets

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The report highlights the environmental impact of digital assets, focusing on energy-intensive proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanisms in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. It underscores significant carbon emissions and advocates transitioning to less energy-demanding models, renewable energy use, and cross-border cooperation. Policy recommendations include targeted regulation, enhanced data transparency, and leveraging distributed ledger technologies for sustainable finance.
Research
1 December 2022

The hidden environmental cost of cryptocurrency: How Bitcoin mining impacts climate, water and land

United Nations (UN)
Bitcoin mining has significant environmental impacts, driven by its reliance on electricity-intensive processes. In 2020-2021, mining consumed 173 TWh of electricity, primarily from fossil fuels, and emitted 86 Mt CO2, contributing to climate change, water scarcity, and land use issues. Global regulatory action is urgently needed.
Research
20 November 2023

Biodiversity finance reference guide

International Finance Corporation
This reference guide builds on the Green Bond Principles and Green Loan Principles as well as related resources, including the ICMA Handbook for Impact Reporting. It also aligns with targets in the recently adopted Global Biodiversity Framework. Both the Green Bond Principles and Green Loan Principles list biodiversity as an eligible use of proceeds. However, they do not provide a granular description of the types of projects that fit this category. The purpose of this reference guide is to address this gap and provide an indicative list of investment activities that contribute to protecting, maintaining, or enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services and sustainably managing living natural resources through the adoption of practices that integrate conservation needs and sustainable development.
Research
14 June 2023

The Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN)

Other
BIOFIN (Biodiversity Finance Initiative) supports countries in developing and implementing financing solutions for biodiversity conservation. It focuses on integrating biodiversity into national financial strategies and investment plans. By promoting innovative funding mechanisms, BIOFIN aims to enhance sustainable development and ensure effective resource management for natural ecosystems.
Organisation

Integrated profit and loss reporting

Stockholm Resilience Centre
This brief presents a framework for integrated profit and loss (IP&L) reporting that includes financial, natural, human, and social capital. It aims to quantify corporate impacts beyond financial capital, providing a comprehensive view of business performance. The IP&L approach helps businesses align sustainability with corporate accountability, benefiting stakeholders.
Research
1 June 2019

How cheap talk in climate disclosures relates to climate initiatives, corporate emissions, and reputation risk

The report examines the relationship between corporate climate disclosures, cheap talk, and actual climate initiatives. It highlights how voluntary disclosures often suffer from superficiality, while targeted climate actions reduce cheap talk. Findings suggest cheap talk correlates with higher emissions and reputation risks, offering insights into the credibility of climate commitments.
Research
1 July 2024
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