Library | ESG issues

Business Ethics

Business ethics encompass the moral principles and values guiding corporate conduct, extending beyond legal requirements to promote integrity and trust among stakeholders. Key considerations include corporate governance, conflicts of interest, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, human rights, social responsibility, and fiduciary duties.

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Communicating climate change and migration: A user’s guide to navigating the research

Climate Outreach
This report guides practitioners on communicating climate-linked migration, highlighting research gaps, biases and limited diversity. It emphasises critical engagement with academic literature, improved representation of affected communities, and the need for nuanced, interdisciplinary approaches to inform effective, ethical communication strategies.
Research
12 April 2024

Corporate enablers of Russia’s war in Ukraine: A closer look at multinational taxes and revenue in Russia in 2023

Kyiv School of Economics (KSE)
Examines multinational companies’ revenues and taxes in Russia (2021–2023), showing continued corporate activity generated significant tax contributions supporting the Russian state. Highlights sectoral drivers, limited exits, and rising fiscal pressures, concluding that ongoing operations pose financial, legal, and human rights risks.
Research
16 January 2025

You Built This

This article argues that modern investment strategies fuel economic extraction while often underperforming simpler alternatives. It calls on investors to realign portfolios with productive, community-oriented investments that generate real economic and social value.
Article
23 March 2026

Columbia Journalism Review (CJR)

Specialist News Services
Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) is a media analysis and journalism review publication produced by Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Founded in 1961, CJR examines news industry trends, press freedom, and media ethics, providing reporting, commentary, and criticism to help journalists and media professionals understand developments shaping global journalism.
Organisation
1 research item

Towards sustainability position on defence investments

Towards Sustainability Labelling Agency (CLA)
The report sets a pragmatic policy on defence investments for Towards Sustainability-labelled funds, permitting defensive, non-lethal and dual-use activities with strict ESG due diligence, while excluding weapons producers. It affirms defence funding as primarily a government responsibility.
Research
26 June 2025

Guidelines for observation and exclusion of companies from the government pension fund global (GPFG)

Norwegian Ministry of Finance
The guidelines define ethical criteria for observing or excluding companies from Norway’s Government Pension Fund Global. They cover prohibited products, unacceptable conduct, coal thresholds, governance roles of the Council on Ethics and Norges Bank, and transparency requirements for decisions and reviews.
Research
5 September 2022

Agreement on international responsible investment in the insurance sector: ESG investment framework for the theme: Controversial weapons and the trade in weapons with high risk countries

Social and Economic Council (SER)
The 2021 Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards establishes technical requirements and testing procedures for restraining and killing traps used to capture specific wild mammal species. It aims to ensure humane trapping practices through standardised certification, testing methodologies, and threshold injury scores, whilst providing for periodic review and multilateral cooperation amongst signatory nations.
Research
15 January 2021

Council on ethics for the norwegian government pension fund global

Council on Ethics for the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global
The report outlines the Council on Ethics’ 2018 work advising Norges Bank on exclusions and observation under ethical guidelines. It covers assessments of human rights, environment, climate, corruption and weapons sales, resulting in multiple company exclusions, observations and revocations, alongside ongoing sectoral investigations.
Research
14 April 2021

Finance for war: Finance for peace: How values based banks foster peace in a world of increasing conflict

Merian Research
The report analyses global financial links to arms production, showing significant funding for weapons despite rising conflict. It contrasts this with values-based banks, particularly GABV members, which largely exclude arms financing, arguing divestment supports peace, reduces risk, and aligns finance with social and environmental objectives.
Research
27 February 2024

Moving away from mass destruction:109 exclusions of nuclear weapon producers

PAX
The report reviews 109 financial institutions with policies excluding nuclear weapon producers, assessing policy scope and implementation. It finds 55 institutions apply comprehensive exclusions, while others retain gaps or exposures, reflecting growing financial-sector alignment with the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
Research
27 February 2024

Investing with integrity ii: How corruption undermines environmental and social outcomes

Transparency International UK (TI-UK)
The report guides impact investors on how corruption undermines environmental and social outcomes. It outlines linked business integrity and E&S risks, due diligence focus areas, and the importance of coordinated screening, action planning and monitoring across land, labour and pollution to strengthen governance and safeguard development impact.
Research
20 March 2025

FiftyEight

Other
FiftyEight delivers research-driven technology solutions to ensure ethical working conditions across global supply chains. It partners with businesses, NGOs and governments to tackle modern slavery, forced labour and child labour. Its platforms including a mobile app for migrant workers, support transparent recruitment, safe migration and human rights compliance.
Organisation
1 research item

Business frameworks and actions to support human rights defenders: A retrospective and recommendations

Business and Human Rights Resource Centre
The report reviews how businesses can better respect and support human rights defenders by strengthening policies, due diligence, and accountability. It outlines emerging frameworks, examples of company action, implementation challenges, and recommendations for companies, investors, multistakeholder initiatives, and States to safeguard civic freedoms and address risks linked to business activities.
Research
16 July 2025

The price of work: A brief on widespread migrant worker recruitment fees in Taiwan’s manufacturing sectors

Transparentem
The report outlines evidence of high recruitment fees and related labour abuses faced by migrant workers in Taiwan’s manufacturing sectors. It summarises interviews, company responses, and emerging remediation efforts, highlighting ongoing risks of debt bondage and recommending that buyers adopt and enforce no-fee recruitment policies across their supply chains.
Research
24 February 2025

Social benchmark 2024 insights report

World Benchmarking Alliance
This benchmark series assesses the world’s most influential companies on their human rights, decent work and ethical conduct practices. It provides a comparative view of corporate social performance, supporting stakeholders to understand progress, identify gaps and inform actions that contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable global economy.
Benchmark/series
1 July 2024

European Finance Association

Academic Institutions
European Finance Association (EFA) is an international non-profit professional body for finance academics and practitioners. EFA brings together over 2,500 members globally. It organises annual conferences, doctoral events, and publishes the peer-reviewed Review of Finance journal.
Organisation
1 research item
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