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Circular Economy

A circular economy is an economic model focused on minimising waste and maximising resource efficiency by reusing, recycling, and regenerating materials. It emphasises designing out waste, keeping materials in use, and regenerating natural systems, offering opportunities for sustainable growth and resilience. Companies that demonstrate circularity can enhance long-term business resilience, resource efficiency and cost-savings.

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Reconsidering Limits to Growth: Integrating energy transition and circular economy in an extended World3 framework

This research extends the World3 model to analyse the impact of the energy transition and circular economy on global sustainability. Findings indicate that while these strategies delay systemic overshoot and collapse, they cannot prevent decline under continued growth. Structural changes in consumption patterns are identified as necessary for stability.
Research
12 September 2026

Circular solutions to achieve nature targets: circular economy as an enabler for Responsible Banking

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
This guidance details how circular economy strategies help banks achieve nature-related targets under the Principles for Responsible Banking. It identifies specific circular interventions across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting the business case for financing transitions that reduce resource dependency and manage nature-related physical and transition risks.
Research
10 September 2026

Submission to the Senate Select Committee on Australia's Productivity - clean energy, electrification, net zero and the environment

Smart Energy Council
The Smart Energy Council provides recommendations to enhance national productivity through electrification, circular economy initiatives, and regulatory reform. Key focuses include a $7.3 billion solar resource recovery opportunity and addressing mining approval delays that risk $51 billion in GDP, advocating for streamlined environmental standards and transport decarbonisation.
Research
16 October 2026

The UK’s bioeconomy: A case for building growth, resilience and sustainability

Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
This report evaluates the UK’s £325 billion bioeconomy, which supports 6.4 million jobs but underperforms in growth. It advocates for a coordinated policy and financial architecture to link frontier innovation with established industries, enhancing productivity, national resilience, and the transition to a nature-positive, sustainable economy.
Research
1 October 2026

Financing zero waste: Practical guidance for immediate action by local and national governments

This report provides guidance for governments to finance zero waste systems. It highlights fiscal benefits, including job creation and cost reductions of 66–75% compared to incineration. It details mechanisms like procurement reform and extended producer responsibility while identifying pitfalls such as capital-intensive debt traps and dependency on grants.
Research
18 September 2026

Investing in Southern Africa’s bioeconomy: A regional pathway for value creation, resilience and green industrialisation

NatureFinance
This report examines the potential for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to transition from raw resource extraction to a value-creating bioeconomy. Identifying six high-growth sectors, it highlights opportunities for green industrialisation and advocates for regional policy harmonisation and innovative financing through the African Bioeconomy Finance Hub.
Research
18 September 2026

Europe’s industrial transformation — From environmental progress to clean competitiveness

European Environment Agency (EEA)
This report evaluates the EU’s industrial transformation, noting a 27% decline in GHG emissions since 2010 despite stagnant circularity rates. It identifies system-readiness barriers, including an annual EUR 30-60 billion funding gap and infrastructure bottlenecks, while proposing strategic options to align decarbonisation with long-term global competitiveness.
Research
25 March 2026

Financing zero waste: A high-level synthesis report

Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA)
This research outlines a two-tier strategy for financing zero waste, highlighting systemic barriers and the economic value of resource recovery. It details how aligning national policy with local implementation through tiered city archetypes can generate fiscal savings, improve public health, and create inclusive employment opportunities in circular economies.
Research
18 September 2026

Realising Aotearoa New Zealand’s full potential: What will it take?

Circular by Nature
This report outlines a roadmap for transitioning to a circular economy in Aotearoa New Zealand. It identifies significant value loss in current linear systems and proposes a strategy based on coordinated leadership, a national framework, and durable regulatory settings to enhance productivity, resilience, and environmental health.
Research
17 September 2026

Green Industry Platform

Green Growth Knowledge Partnership
The Green Industry Platform provides SMEs with technical knowledge and self-assessment tools, such as the I-GO Assistant, to enhance resource efficiency and implement net-zero measures. Managed by the GGKP, it offers sector-specific guidance, research, and circular economy insights for a sustainable industrial transition.
Resource hub

Sand and sustainability: An essential resource for nature and development

United Nations Environment Programme
This report identifies sand as the world's most consumed solid material, with 50 billion tonnes extracted annually. Valued at USD 569.4 billion in 2024, the market threatens biodiversity and ecosystems. The document provides 24 strategic recommendations to treat sand as a strategic national asset and improve environmental oversight.
Research
8 May 2026

The battle for plastic hegemony: the petrochemical historical bloc and the UN Global Plastics Treaty

This report examines the petrochemical historical bloc and its influence on the UN Global Plastics Treaty. It analyses how corporate-led partnerships, such as the Alliance to End Plastic Waste, use the circular economy concept to prioritise downstream waste management while protecting plastic production from restrictive upstream regulations.
Research
30 March 2026

Battery circularity: Innovation trends for a future source of critical materials

International Energy Agency (IEA)
This report examines global innovation trends in battery circularity and critical metal refining. It highlights a surge in patenting activity since 2017, led by Asian companies. The analysis covers policy drivers, recycling technologies, and the role of secondary supplies in enhancing supply chain resilience and environmental sustainability.
Research
1 April 2026

Driving circular economy innovation in India and Kenya

This report evaluates the Circular Economy Innovation Cluster (CEIC) programme in Bengaluru and Nairobi from 2023-2025. It identifies impacts including 124 collaborations, support for 1,550 informal workers, and a potential reduction of 218 kt CO2eq annually through upstream innovation and enhanced ecosystem coordination.
Research
29 October 2025

Circular economy perspectives in solar value chains: Circular business models for photovoltaic and solar water heating systems

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
This report examines transition strategies for solar value chains, focusing on circular business models for photovoltaic and solar water heating systems. It explores lifecycle management, modular design, and policy frameworks needed to manage projected cumulative solar waste of 60–78 million tonnes by 2050 while recovering critical materials.
Research
25 March 2026

Advancing responsible recycled plastics value chains through traceability and transparency: Learnings from the Responsible Sourcing Initiative

The Circulate Initiative
This report explores implementing traceability in recycled plastics value chains. Drawing on pilots in Viet Nam and Indonesia, it identifies misaligned incentives and data governance as primary barriers. It recommends integrating traceability into existing business processes and provides a decision framework to support organisations at different maturity stages.
Research
1 September 2026
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