Library | ESG issues
Climate Change
Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.
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Building resilient supply chains: Getting the most out of supplier engagement
The report outlines how climate-related risks threaten supply chains and presents seven practical steps to strengthen resilience through supplier engagement. It stresses clear objectives, data use, prioritisation, incentives and cross-functional collaboration to drive emissions reduction, improve transparency and align procurement with long-term sustainability and risk-management goals.
Guidance Handbook
ICMA’s June 2025 Guidance Handbook clarifies practical application of Green, Social, Sustainability and Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles, covering use of proceeds, governance, reporting, verification and market issues. It supports consistent labelling, transparency and market integrity across sustainable debt instruments.
SME Climate Hub
SME Climate Hub is a non-profit global initiative empowering small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to take climate action, halve emissions by 2030 and achieve net zero by 2050. It offers free tools, resources and a recognised climate commitment framework to help SMEs measure, reduce and report their carbon emissions.
Exponential Roadmap Initiative
Exponential Roadmap Initiative (ERI) is a global, mission-driven organisation accelerating science-aligned climate action. It works with companies, investors and partners to scale climate solutions, assess climate performance, and support pathways to halve global greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 through practical frameworks and collaborative initiatives across business, finance and policy contexts.
Green finance was supposed to contribute solutions to climate change. So far, it’s fallen well short
The article argues that while climate disclosure and green finance initiatives have expanded since Mark Carney’s “tragedy of the horizon” speech, they have failed to shift capital at the scale required to address climate and nature risks. It contends that deeper structural reforms to financial valuation, incentives and capital allocation are needed to move beyond managing symptoms toward financing real-world solutions.
Beliefs about the climate impact of green investing
The study finds retail investors substantially overestimate green funds’ climate impact compared with academic experts, mainly due to limited understanding of financial-market transmission. Providing expert information lowers investors’ impact beliefs and willingness to pay, indicating misaligned expectations may drive capital towards products with limited real-world emissions effects.
Next to fall: The climate-driven insurance crisis is here and getting worse
The report analyses U.S. homeowners’ insurance non-renewals, showing strong links between climate risks, rising premiums, and declining coverage. It finds coastal and wildfire-exposed regions face pronounced instability, with risks spreading inland. The Committee warns that worsening insurability could erode property values and trigger broader financial impacts.
Maximising Australia’s green growth: Leveraging trade and aid policy to drive Australia’s green exports agenda
The report assesses risks to Australia’s fossil fuel exports and outlines how aligned trade, aid and climate finance policies can build demand for green exports. It proposes sustainable growth partnerships in the Indo-Pacific to secure markets, attract investment and support regional decarbonisation.
3D investing: Implications for net zero
The report evaluates 3D investing, extending mean–variance optimisation to include sustainability. It shows how integrating forward-looking climate metrics enables portfolios to balance risk, return, and decarbonisation, supporting alignment with Paris-aligned net-zero pathways under realistic investment constraints.
CSRD: A guide to the physical risk requirements
This guide explains Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive physical risk requirements, detailing scope, timelines and ESRS E1 disclosures. It outlines how organisations must identify, assess and report climate-related physical risks, financial impacts and adaptation actions, with a focused application to real estate portfolios.
Moving forward imagining a sustainable transport system
The report outlines a universal basic services approach to UK transport, highlighting inequitable access, high emissions, and car dependence. It assesses current government reforms and recommends long-term, publicly oriented investment to expand affordable, integrated, low-carbon mobility, prioritising public transport and active travel within environmental limits.
Public Library of Science (PLOS)
PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a non-profit open access scientific publisher dedicated to advancing open science and accessible research publishing. It publishes peer-reviewed open access journals spanning life, health, sustainability and technology research, enabling free online access to scientific findings globally.
Climate X
Climate X is a climate risk analytics company providing asset-level physical climate risk data and scenario analysis. It supports financial institutions, insurers and corporates with decision-making, stress testing and regulatory alignment using proprietary climate models and geospatial intelligence.
Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD)
Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) is a French agricultural research and international cooperation organisation focused on sustainable development in tropical and Mediterranean regions. It builds scientific knowledge, supports resilient farming systems, and fosters sustainability in food systems, biodiversity and climate adaptation worldwide.
Sustainable Finance Roundup December 2025: Nature, Regulation, and the Hardening of Risk
This month’s sustainable finance roundup traces the shift from ambition to enforcement, as climate and nature risks become financial, regulatory and legal realities. It covers Australia’s environmental law reforms, the embedding of climate and nature risk through prudential supervision, disclosure and shareholder pressure, and insurer warnings on the limits of insurability. It also highlights how markets are responding to deforestation and biodiversity risk, and how litigation and regulation are reshaping governance and long-term financial resilience.
Climate finance for low carbon transport: Developing effective transport financing mechanisms for Asia and the Pacific
This ESCAP policy brief examines climate finance options for scaling low-carbon transport in Asia–Pacific. It assesses funding gaps, barriers, and mechanisms—including subsidies, carbon pricing, green bonds, PPPs, and international finance—and recommends policy alignment, capacity building, investor matching, and diversified financing to accelerate investment.