Library | ESG issues
Gender Rights
Gender rights refer to the equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities of all people, regardless of gender identity, particularly affecting women, transgender and non-binary people. This includes access to resources, opportunities, and protections without discrimination. Despite progress in areas such as education and legal reforms, challenges persist, including discriminatory laws, social norms, and underrepresentation in leadership positions. Advancing gender equality is essential for sustainable development and the realisation of human rights.
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Monopsonistic power and wage dynamics: Insights from cross-country labour market analysis
This report examines employer monopsonistic power across ten nations using harmonised ILO microdata. It finds that women, younger workers, and rural populations are disproportionately affected by high employer power. These dynamics exacerbate wage inequality and prevent productivity gains from automation from translating into higher wages for workers.
Growing resilience: Nature-based solutions for adaptation
This report assesses eleven Nature-based Solutions projects in Sub-Saharan Africa using the IUCN Global Standard. It evaluates contributions to climate adaptation, biodiversity, and gender equality. Key recommendations include integrating maladaptation risk assessments, extending project timelines, and aligning local actions with national policy frameworks to ensure sustainable resilience.
Investing in mothers? The long-run impact of a universal child care program on maternal work and income
This research evaluates the long-term impacts of Quebec's universal child care programme on maternal labour outcomes. Findings indicate sustained increases in employment and earnings through age 50, driven by occupational upgrading and accumulated experience. These effects generate fiscal benefits that offset 75 to 117 per cent of the programme's costs.
What’s in a tag? Assessing Japan’s treatment of gender in climate finance: A project documentation approach
This working paper assesses Japan's integration of gender considerations in climate finance projects. Using a framework of recognition, redistribution, and representation, it finds that while most projects are gender-tagged, documentation reveals limited substantive integration in delivery. It recommends reforming reporting templates to improve transparency and project-level accountability.
The state of domestic work in 2025: 15 years after Convention No. 189
This International Labour Organization report examines global domestic work trends for 2025. With 80 million workers, the sector remains 83.1 per cent informal. Key findings highlight significant wage gaps, gender disparities, and extreme working hours, underscoring the need for formalisation and improved labour protections to achieve decent work.
Gender equality in capital markets: Insights, evidence and opportunities for action
This research examines gender equality in international capital markets, identifying barriers in culture, visibility, and sponsorship. Drawing on qualitative survey data and industry statistics, it highlights progress and stalls in representation and pay while offering practical actions for organisational change and leadership accountability.
Gender equality: SSI report (Sustainable and Resilient Value Chains series)
This research examines how voluntary sustainability standards and private sector initiatives address gender equality in agricultural value chains. Applying the Sustainable and Resilient Value Chains framework, it evaluates efforts across five commodities and recommends a 'smart mix' of solutions to transform structural inequalities and empower women producers.
Global gender gap report series
The Global Gender Gap Report is an annual series by the World Economic Forum tracking gender parity across 145 economies. It evaluates economic, educational, health, and political gaps to help finance professionals assess human capital risk, ESG factors, and long-term economic resilience.
Gender-disaggregated data for inclusive regulation playbook: From gender data to regulatory action
This playbook assists financial regulatory authorities to transition from collecting gender-disaggregated data to using it systematically in supervision and policymaking. Drawing on research in Nigeria and Tanzania, it outlines a three-phase approach—discovery, ideation, and prototype advancement—supported by a framework of eleven foundations to ensure effective, inclusive regulation.
Gender gaps: International evidence on the role of family policy
This research analyses the impact of family-friendly policies on gender gaps across 27 countries from 1986 to 2019. It finds that childcare spending and parental leave significantly reduce employment and earnings gaps. Slower policy expansion in the United States accounts for its lagging progress in reducing gender inequality.
Women’s health R&I in Europe: Growing investment, persistent gaps, and the case for a coordinated response
This research examines women’s health Research and Innovation (R&I) in Europe, identifying a mismatch between disease burden and investment. While political attention is growing, funding remains concentrated in early-stage research. The report advocates for a coordinated European strategy to bridge evidence and translation gaps across the innovation pathway.
Advancing women’s economic opportunities in the solar energy sector
This report examines women's underrepresentation in the solar photovoltaics sector, highlighting barriers like gender norms, skills gaps, and workplace culture. It identifies emerging solutions, including holistic training, inclusive recruitment practices, and structural support for care and mobility to enhance women's economic opportunities and participation in the renewable energy transition.
The gender pay gap in Bangladesh: Trends, causes and policy options
This report analyses the gender pay gap in Bangladesh, finding women earn 22 to 25 per cent less than men. Driven by structural discrimination and unequal care burdens, the gap persists despite legal frameworks. Recommendations include objective job evaluations, cost-sharing for maternity benefits, and strengthened labour inspection.
Designed for harm: Affordances, AI and gendered harm in gaming
This working paper examines how platform design and AI in gaming facilitate gendered harm. Despite representing half of the gaming population, women face persistent toxicity. The report evaluates current content-focused governance and advocates for structural accountability frameworks, citing EU and UK regulatory models as effective examples.
Effects of climate change on menstrual health and hygiene: A global mixed-methods systematic review
This systematic review synthesises evidence on how climate change affects menstrual health and hygiene globally. It finds that floods, cyclones, and droughts disrupt access to materials and sanitation, while air pollution correlates with earlier menarche. The report highlights critical gaps in research regarding extreme heat and equity.
Mobile internet and employment: Evidence from 52 countries
This report analyses the impact of 3G expansion on employment across 52 countries from 2004 to 2023. It finds that while connectivity increases participation in low-income regions, it is associated with declining employment in mature economies. Gender gaps remain persistent, particularly regarding youth disengagement in poorer contexts.
