Library | ESG issues

Governance

The governance pillar in ESG (environmental, social, and governance) refers to the systems, policies, and practices that ensure an organisation is managed responsibly and ethically. It includes issues such as board structure, reporting & disclosures, shareholders & voting, and risk management. Strong governance reduces risks, enhances trust, and supports long-term business sustainability.

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An engaged market: The 2026 state of stewardship report, prepared by the Aotearoa New Zealand stewardship code

Stewardship Code Aotearoa New Zealand
This report examines stewardship reporting across New Zealand's investment market for 2025. Representing 20 signatories with $3.8 trillion in assets, it highlights maturing practices in collaborative engagement, escalation, and voting transparency. The document notes increased integration of te ao Māori and provides guidance on strengthening stewardship and voting policies.
Research
1 June 2026

Global employment trends for youth 2026: Back to the future

International Labour Organisation (ILO)
The Global Employment Trends for Youth 2026 report highlights a stalled post-pandemic recovery, with global youth unemployment reaching 12.4 per cent. It examines rising NEET rates, artificial intelligence impacts, and job experience inflation, while advocating for bold, adaptive policies to ensure secure, decent work pathways for young people.
Research
6 August 2026

Artificial intelligence and sustainability transitions: Emergent opportunities, risks, and governance

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment
This report examines the intersection of artificial intelligence and sustainability transitions, detailing opportunities and risks across environment, energy, labour, finance, and democracy. It proposes a three-layered governance framework and a phased roadmap for global scientific alignment, interim safety measures, and a binding international framework convention to ensure societal well-being.
Research
28 March 2026

ShareAction policy paper: Defending and strengthening the AGM as a forum for corporate accountability

ShareAction
This ShareAction report advocates for mandatory hybrid AGMs to ensure corporate accountability. It argues that online-only formats diminish shareholder scrutiny and enable management to stage-manage proceedings. The document recommends amending the 2006 Companies Act and provides case studies of poor virtual AGM practices across several major companies.
Research
15 June 2026

Fragmentation of shareholder power

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This research examines how fund proliferation and stewardship decentralisation affect corporate governance. It finds that supply-driven growth weakens oversight, while demand-driven expansion by incumbents can strengthen it. Competitive adoption of pass-through voting improves investor preference alignment but often reduces monitoring incentives and firm value.
Research
20 June 2026

ENCORE Insights: Country Dashboard

Global Canopy
The ENCORE Insights: Country Dashboard is an interactive tool that maps how national economies and sectors depend on nature. Developed by Global Canopy, it helps finance professionals and regulators assess macroeconomic risks associated with nature degradation and ecosystem service dependencies.
Online tool/database
10 December 2025

Translating physical climate risk into investment insights: Directory of IGCC service provider members

Investor Group on Climate Change
A curated directory by the Investor Group on Climate Change (IGCC) to help institutional investors find service providers capable of translating physical climate risk data into practical investment and infrastructure insights.
Resource hub
18 May 2026

Preference for explainable AI

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This research investigates the demand for explainable AI in high-stakes credit settings. It finds that decision-makers strategically avoid explanations that reveal racial or gender bias to preserve moral wiggle room. Additionally, behavioural biases cause individuals to undervalue explanations even when they complement private information and improve decision accuracy.
Research
16 May 2026

The commoditization of labor

This research examines how technological standardisation commoditises labour by making workers interchangeable. It develops a model showing that while this process increases productivity, it simultaneously reduces worker bargaining power and wages. This framework explains the declining large-firm wage premium and the divergence between productivity and pay in services.
Research
24 May 2026

The total portfolio approach (TPA): A practical guide for navigating the transition to TPA

CFA Institute Research & Policy Centre
This benchmark series examines the Total Portfolio Approach (TPA), an evolving asset allocation framework. It provides an analysis of the transition from traditional strategic models towards a systems-thinking, goal-driven approach. The report identifies key organisational conditions and governance structures required for successful TPA adoption among institutional investors.
Benchmark/series
23 July 2026

The current state of BRSR in corporate India 2.0

CFA Institute Research & Policy Centre
This report analyses Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) data from 300 Indian companies over three years. It identifies progress in disclosure quality, energy intensity trends, and assurance practices. Recommendations focus on standardisation and sector-specific guidance to enhance the decision usefulness of sustainability data for investors and regulators.
Research
4 June 2026

Ceres: Our work on energy affordability

Ceres
A Ceres initiative and playbook focused on curbing rising energy prices through clean energy expansion, providing policymakers and investors with strategies for a modern, efficient, and affordable energy system.
Resource hub
23 July 2026

Environmental crime: From blind spot to business risk

United for Wildlife
This report identifies environmental crime as an illicit economy worth USD 300 billion, posing significant financial risks to global businesses. It examines how illegal goods permeate supply chains and details tightening regulations. The research provides strategic actions for organisations to improve traceability and manage exposure effectively.
Research
8 June 2026

Stewardship in the critical minerals value chain: Assessing sustainability performance and risks in Asia

Asia Investor Group on Climate Change (AIGCC)
This research examines sustainability risks in Asia’s critical minerals value chain, focusing on nickel, cobalt and copper. Utilising IRMA-aligned assessments and geospatial data, it highlights gaps between corporate policy and implementation, intensifying physical climate risks, and nature dependencies, providing actionable stewardship priorities for institutional investors in the region.
Research
15 June 2026

Southeast Asia nature risk toolkit: A resource for financial institutions

Global Canopy
A resource-hub and workbook designed by ENCORE partners to help financial institutions assess nature-related risks in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It provides over 120 curated tools and datasets to support TNFD-aligned risk management and investment decisions.
Resource hub
1 June 2026

Tracking methane action in the dairy and coffee sector

Changing markets foundation
This benchmark series evaluates the progress of leading dairy and coffee companies in addressing methane emissions. It assesses corporate targets, disclosure practices, and reduction strategies within the food sector. The research provides a comparative analysis of industry performance against global climate commitments to encourage transparency and accountability.
Benchmark/series
1 May 2026
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