Library | ESG issues

Governance

The governance pillar in ESG (environmental, social, and governance) refers to the systems, policies, and practices that ensure an organisation is managed responsibly and ethically. It includes issues such as board structure, reporting & disclosures, shareholders & voting, and risk management. Strong governance reduces risks, enhances trust, and supports long-term business sustainability.

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Doughnut of social and planetary boundaries monitors a world out of balance series

Doughnut Economics Action Lab (DEAL)
This series presents the Doughnut Economics framework, which assesses economic progress by balancing social foundations with ecological limits. It provides a structured approach to understanding whether human activity meets essential needs while remaining within planetary boundaries, supporting analysis, comparison and application across global, national and local contexts.
Benchmark/series
1 October 2025

State of transition in sovereigns series

Transition Pathway Initiative
Assessing Sovereign Climate-related Opportunities and Risks (ASCOR) is a benchmark series that provides an investor-led framework to assess how sovereigns manage climate-related risks and opportunities. It supports sovereign bond analysis, engagement, and comparison by evaluating national policies, emissions pathways, and climate finance using transparent, publicly available information.
Benchmark/series
6 January 2025

Transition forecast series

Energy Transition Advisers (ETA)
This benchmark series presents forward-looking assessments of global energy, land use and nature transitions. It consolidates expert judgement with structured policy tracking to outline plausible transition pathways across major economies, supporting investors and financial institutions in scenario analysis, risk assessment and strategic planning.
Benchmark/series
27 February 2025

Energy Transition Advisers (ETA)

Other
ET Advisors is a sustainability and climate advisory firm supporting investors, corporates and financial institutions. It provides research-led advice on climate transition, ESG strategy, sustainable finance and long-term value creation, helping organisations manage risk and align with global sustainability and net zero goals.
Organisation
1 research item

Indicators of global climate change 2024: Annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence series

This series provides annual, peer-reviewed updates on key indicators of the global climate system and human influence. It tracks developments between IPCC assessment cycles, using consistent methods to support comparability, transparency, and evidence-based decision-making for policy and finance audiences.
Benchmark/series
16 June 2025

Climate Engagement Canada

Finance Industry Groups
Climate Engagement Canada is an investor-led collaborative initiative supporting corporate climate action in Canada. It engages companies on net-zero alignment, climate governance and transition planning, using benchmarks, dialogue and public reporting to drive accountability, manage climate risk and support a just transition.
Organisation
1 research item

Net 0 Tracker

Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU)
Net Zero Tracker is a publicly accessible database tracking net zero targets and progress of countries, regions, cities and companies. It standardises information on pledges, legal status and implementation, supporting comparison, accountability and evidence-based analysis of climate commitments.
Online tool/database

Doughnut Economics Action Lab

Doughnut Economics Action Lab (DEAL)
Doughnut Economics Action Lab tools provide practical frameworks, guides, and interactive resources to apply Doughnut Economics in policy, business, and place-based contexts, supporting decision-making that balances social foundations with ecological limits through evidence-informed, adaptable methodologies.
Online tool/database

Climate fiduciaries: part III – mind the model gap

The article explores how pension funds rely on imperfect climate models to assess financial risk and whether fiduciary duty requires deeper scrutiny of their assumptions. It highlights emerging legal challenges, model limitations, and the shift toward richer scenarios and climate narratives in investment decision-making.
Article
6 February 2026

A path to post-growth pensions: How rethinking retirement savings could help us ensure wellbeing for all

Arketa Institute for Post-Growth Finance
This report examines how pension systems reliant on perpetual economic growth face systemic financial, social and environmental risks. It proposes reorienting pensions towards a post-growth framework, emphasising wellbeing and multicapital outcomes over financial returns alone, and outlines pathways and barriers for pension fund reform.
Research
14 January 2026

Climate change risk index and municipal bond disclosures of United States drinking water utilities

This study develops a climate risk index for 1,455 US municipal drinking water utilities and compares projected risks with municipal bond disclosures. It finds material mismatches between climate risk and disclosure, highlighting utilities where climate adaptation and financial risk management may be insufficient.
Research
22 January 2026

From promise to performance: Reforming blended finance for scale

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment
This report examines why blended finance has failed to scale in emerging markets. Drawing on expert interviews and analysis, it identifies structural barriers and proposes reforms to improve transparency, risk pricing, liquidity, project pipelines and additionality, aiming to better mobilise private capital.
Research
2 July 2025

Global carbon budget series

Global Carbon Project
The Global Carbon Budget is a recurring research series that synthesises global data on carbon dioxide sources and sinks. It provides a consistent framework for tracking emissions, atmospheric concentrations, and carbon uptake across land and oceans, supporting analysis of climate system dynamics and policy-relevant assessment over time.
Benchmark/series
14 March 2025

National ecological footprint and biocapacity accounts series

Footprint data foundation
This series provides consistent national and global accounts of ecological footprint and biocapacity, tracking resource demand and regenerative capacity over time. It supports comparative analysis across countries and years, using harmonised methods and internationally sourced data to inform sustainability assessment and policy analysis.
Benchmark/series
22 April 2025

Women’s equality in the workplace series

Equileap
This research series examines workplace gender equality across publicly listed companies using a consistent assessment framework. It evaluates corporate policies, practices, and disclosures related to gender balance, pay equity, leadership representation, and inclusion to support comparative analysis and responsible investment decision-making.
Benchmark/series
6 March 2025

State of the artisanal and small-scale mining sector series

The World Bank
This series provides an overview of the artisanal and small-scale mining sector, examining its structure, operating context, and governance considerations. It explores economic, social, environmental, and regulatory dimensions to support informed analysis, comparison, and ongoing assessment of developments across the sector over time.
Benchmark/series
23 April 2024
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