This MSCI report reviews the long-term performance of ESG ratings in global and developed equity markets. It finds that higher-rated companies outperformed peers, driven by stronger earnings growth and dividend yields rather than valuation effects. MSCI ESG indexes also generally outperformed their benchmarks across regions and during crises.

This article analyses institutional investors’ incentives to internalise negative externalities across their portfolios. It focuses on climate change, showing how large asset managers influence fossil fuel companies to reduce emissions, disclose risks, and limit lobbying, reframing shareholder primacy by prioritising portfolio-wide welfare over firm-level profit maximisation.

This report summarises why firms should maximise shareholder welfare rather than market value, noting that investors often have ethical and social preferences beyond profit. It proposes shareholder voting on corporate policy to better align company decisions with investor welfare, particularly where externalities are inseparable from production.

The Aotearoa New Zealand Climate Standards series is a benchmark series issued by the External Reporting Board. It sets out the framework for climate-related disclosures, including governance, strategy, risk management, metrics and targets, adoption provisions, and general requirements. The series provides entities with a consistent structure to report climate-related risks and opportunities.

External Reporting Board (XRB) is an independent Crown entity in New Zealand that develops and issues accounting, auditing & assurance, and climate reporting standards. XRB ensures trusted, high-quality, integrated reporting across public, private and not-for-profit sectors to promote transparency, accountability and support informed decision-making.

This guide outlines environmental, social, and just transition considerations for investors in aviation’s fuel shift. It compares biofuels and e-fuels, highlights regulatory and biodiversity risks, and provides engagement questions to assess companies’ transition strategies, ensuring alignment with climate goals while safeguarding communities and long-term financial stability.

Opportunity Green (OG) is a UK-based charity founded in 2021 that harnesses legal, economic and policy expertise to drive climate justice. OG focuses on equity, justice and accountability across overlooked sectors—aviation, shipping, buildings, steel, agriculture—championing decarbonisation, legal innovation and coalition-building for a 1.5 °C-aligned future.

GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) is Germany’s national Earth system research centre. It investigates solid‑Earth processes—including geology, geophysics, geodesy and geochemistry—and operates global observatories, satellite missions and analytical infrastructure. GFZ advances understanding of natural hazards, climate impact and resource management to support sustainable solutions.

Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM) is an interdisciplinary research centre at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, enhancing disaster resilience. Focusing on natural and human-made hazards—such as earthquakes, droughts, heatwaves and floods—it develops early warning systems, risk mapping and forensic disaster analysis. Ideal for innovators in disaster risk science.

The Water Footprint Assessment Tool is a free online application that enables businesses, governments, investors, NGOs and researchers to calculate and map green, blue and grey water footprints, assess sustainability, efficiency and equitable water use, and identify strategic actions to improve water management.

Water Footprint Implementation supports companies and governments with water accounting, sustainability assessment and water-footprint compensation. A spin-off of Water Footprint Network research, it delivers actionable insights for ESG reporting, water stewardship, water-footprint benchmarking and tailored reduction strategies to enhance resilience, reduce risk and foster sustainable water management.

Water Footprint Network is a non-profit, global collaboration platform advancing fair and smart freshwater use. It champions science-based water footprint assessment, offers open-access tools and data for businesses, governments and communities, and guides sustainable, equitable water governance to address water scarcity and pollution worldwide.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) drives space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics innovation. Its work spans human spaceflight, planetary missions, Earth and climate research, advanced space technology and satellite programmes. NASA shares open data, images and video to inform global science and deepen understanding of Earth and the universe.

Copernicus’ European Drought Observatory (EDO) mapviewer displays up‑to‑date drought indicators—such as soil moisture, low‑flow, precipitation and the Combined Drought Indicator—across Europe. Users can access, view and download data freely, though caution is advised interpreting some hydrological outputs east of Poland since mid‑May 2025.

Joint Research Centre (JRC) is the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It provides independent research and data to support EU policies on climate change, energy, health, food security, digital innovation and safety. JRC delivers scientific evidence to help policymakers address global challenges with reliable analysis and solutions.

Climate Policy Radar is a UK-based not-for-profit that builds open, AI-powered databases and research tools. It enables governments, researchers, civil society and investors to explore and analyse global climate laws, policies and UN submissions. Open data, transparency and data-driven climate finance insight support evidence-based decision-making.