Library | ESG issues

Systemic Risk Management

Systemic risk refers to the possibility that an event at the company level could trigger severe instability or collapse in an entire industry or economy. It extends beyond individual failures, encompassing large-scale threats such as climate change, natural disasters, inflation, geopolitical crises, and pandemics. Effective systemic risk management requires proactive monitoring, regulatory safeguards, and resilience strategies to mitigate risks and ensure financial stability in an increasingly complex and uncertain global landscape.

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Impacts of climate change on global agriculture accounting for adaptation

This study estimates global climate change impacts on six staple crops using subnational data and observed adaptation. Yields fall by about 4.4% of recommended calories per 1 °C warming. Adaptation and income growth offset losses partially, but substantial global and regional yield declines remain.
Research
18 June 2025

Climate extremes, food price spikes, and their wider societal risks

The report links unprecedented climate extremes to sharp food price spikes, documenting recent global cases. It finds these shocks worsen inequality, food security, health outcomes, inflation volatility and political stability, and argues for stronger mitigation, adaptation, forecasting and social safety nets to manage rising systemic risks.
Research
21 July 2025

The insurability imperative: Using insurance to navigate the climate transition

Howden Group
This report argues that insurability is a strategic indicator of financial viability in a climate-disrupted economy. It explains how insurance, risk modelling, resilience investment, and policy alignment shape access to capital, asset values, and transition finance, urging leaders to embed insurability into decision-making.
Research
19 June 2025

Connecting planetary boundaries and planetary health: A resilient and stable earth system is crucial for human health

The Lancet
The Lancet comment argues that integrating planetary boundaries and planetary health frameworks is essential to protect human health. It outlines health risks from Earth system destabilisation, stresses justice and equity, and calls for coordinated research, policy alignment, and improved monitoring and communication.
Research
15 July 2025

Theia Finance Labs (formerly 2° Investing Initiative Germany)

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Theia Finance Labs is a non-profit research and innovation organisation focused on climate finance and financial system transformation. It develops open research, tools and methodologies to assess climate alignment, transition risk and systemic change, supporting investors, policymakers and financial institutions to align markets with climate goals and sustainability objectives globally.
Organisation
2 research items

The use of the Lavender in Gaza and the law of targeting: AI-decision support systems and facial recognition technology

The report analyses Israel’s alleged use of the ‘Lavender’ AI decision-support system and facial recognition in Gaza, assessing compliance with international humanitarian law. It highlights risks from inaccuracy, bias, automation and opacity, concluding that commanders must retain judgement and verification to meet targeting obligations.
Research
23 May 2025

Rearm europe, rearm finance: What role for responsible investment in the financing of european defense?

Mirova
Mirova assesses Europe’s defence rearmament and examines how responsible investors could contribute without undermining ESG principles. It argues for selective financing, strict exclusions, and innovative tools such as defence bonds, while maintaining focus on environmental transition and European sovereignty.
Research
5 June 2025

Green finance was supposed to contribute solutions to climate change. So far, it’s fallen well short

The article argues that while climate disclosure and green finance initiatives have expanded since Mark Carney’s “tragedy of the horizon” speech, they have failed to shift capital at the scale required to address climate and nature risks. It contends that deeper structural reforms to financial valuation, incentives and capital allocation are needed to move beyond managing symptoms toward financing real-world solutions.
Article
5 January 2026

Next to fall: The climate-driven insurance crisis is here and getting worse

United States Senate Budget Committee
The report analyses U.S. homeowners’ insurance non-renewals, showing strong links between climate risks, rising premiums, and declining coverage. It finds coastal and wildfire-exposed regions face pronounced instability, with risks spreading inland. The Committee warns that worsening insurability could erode property values and trigger broader financial impacts.
Research
18 December 2024

Maximising Australia’s green growth: Leveraging trade and aid policy to drive Australia’s green exports agenda

Australian Sustainable Finance Institute (ASFI)
The report assesses risks to Australia’s fossil fuel exports and outlines how aligned trade, aid and climate finance policies can build demand for green exports. It proposes sustainable growth partnerships in the Indo-Pacific to secure markets, attract investment and support regional decarbonisation.
Research
5 January 2025

3D investing: Implications for net zero

CFA Institute Research & Policy Centre
The report evaluates 3D investing, extending mean–variance optimisation to include sustainability. It shows how integrating forward-looking climate metrics enables portfolios to balance risk, return, and decarbonisation, supporting alignment with Paris-aligned net-zero pathways under realistic investment constraints.
Research
8 November 2024

Investor influence in private markets: How investors activities can result in changes in outcomes for people and or the natural environment

The Predistribution Initiative
This report examines how private market investors influence social and environmental outcomes through investment decisions and firm-level actions. It proposes a framework to assess pathways, outcomes and causality, supporting impact management beyond portfolio company effects.
Research
10 September 2024

Trillions or billions: Reassessing the potential for european institutional investment in emerging markets and developing economies

Overseas Development Institute (ODI)
The report finds European pension funds and insurers have limited capacity to scale EMDE investment. Even doubling allocations by the 35 largest asset owners would yield about USD 120 billion annually, concentrated in investment-grade assets. Regulation constrains insurers more than pension funds.
Research
23 May 2024

Climate X

Commercial Research Providers
Climate X is a climate risk analytics company providing asset-level physical climate risk data and scenario analysis. It supports financial institutions, insurers and corporates with decision-making, stress testing and regulatory alignment using proprietary climate models and geospatial intelligence.
Organisation
1 research item

Sustainable Finance Roundup December 2025: Nature, Regulation, and the Hardening of Risk

This month’s sustainable finance roundup traces the shift from ambition to enforcement, as climate and nature risks become financial, regulatory and legal realities. It covers Australia’s environmental law reforms, the embedding of climate and nature risk through prudential supervision, disclosure and shareholder pressure, and insurer warnings on the limits of insurability. It also highlights how markets are responding to deforestation and biodiversity risk, and how litigation and regulation are reshaping governance and long-term financial resilience.
Article
29 December 2025

Investing in tomorrow: A guide to building climate-resilient investment portfolios

Investment Leaders Group
This guide outlines how investors can integrate physical climate risks into listed equity and debt portfolios, strengthen portfolio resilience, and mobilise capital for adaptation through asset allocation, due diligence, engagement, and collaboration across policy, finance and the real economy.
Research
15 January 2025
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