Library | ESG issues

Systems Thinking

Systems thinking is a holistic approach to problem-solving that focuses on how different parts of a system interact and influence each other over time. It helps leaders see beyond individual components like departments, markets, or financial statements to understand the broader dynamics, feedback loops, and long-term impacts of decisions. This perspective improves risk management, strategic planning, and operational efficiency by recognising interconnected relationships rather than isolated events.

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A metacognitive approach to learning and performance in human-AI interaction

This research introduces the Synergetic Notion of Human-AI Skills and Knowledge Construction (SYNC) model. It addresses the decoupling of learning and performance in GenAI interactions. By identifying four key pitfalls, the model outlines strategies like metacognitive onloading to foster human-AI synergy and ensure durable learning alongside AI-supported performance.
Research
30 October 2026

Systems Change Learning Handbook

The Systems Change Learning Handbook is a digital resource by the School of System Change. it offers frameworks, tools, and methodologies to help professionals understand and navigate complex systemic challenges, including environmental and economic transitions.
Resource hub

Game changer: an economy beyond profit

Mayfly Books
This research critiques the for-profit economy's destructive dynamics, including rising inequality and environmental collapse. It proposes a Not-for-Profit Economy model where businesses legally reinvest all surpluses into social benefit. The report outlines transformation strategies across five fronts to shift towards a sustainable, needs-based global economic system.
Research
24 October 2026

Reconsidering Limits to Growth: Integrating energy transition and circular economy in an extended World3 framework

This research extends the World3 model to analyse the impact of the energy transition and circular economy on global sustainability. Findings indicate that while these strategies delay systemic overshoot and collapse, they cannot prevent decline under continued growth. Structural changes in consumption patterns are identified as necessary for stability.
Research
12 September 2026

Unlocking private finance for nature as infrastructure: A public-private partnership

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
This report proposes reframing ecosystems as 'nature as infrastructure' (NAI) to mobilise private capital. It advocates for public-private partnerships for nature (PPPNs) using guarantees, insurance, and biodiversity credits. Recommendations include integrating natural capital into sovereign accounting and reforming global subsidies to close the nature financing gap.
Research
1 February 2025

Investor’s guide to goals-based investing and philanthropy

Impact Frontiers
This guide details a goals-based approach to investing and philanthropy, viewing capital as a tool for intrinsic value. It presents a strategic cycle to identify, plan, and evolve goals through focused structures and coherent decision-making, enabling investors to transition from vague intentions to advanced, high-impact strategies.
Research
1 August 2016

Inequality and system health and stability: Risks and opportunities for businesses and financial institutions

Taskforce on Inequality and Social-related Financial Disclosures (TISFD)
This TISFD discussion paper examines the pathways through which inequality affects societal, macroeconomic, and financial systems. It identifies twenty-seven private sector drivers and provides a four-stage pathway to help businesses and investors assess system-level risks and opportunities, particularly those amplified by artificial intelligence and climate change.
Research
3 November 2026

The Green Scorpion: the macro-criticality of nature for finance

Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (NGFS)
This research establishes a framework for assessing physical nature-related financial risks through scenario-based analysis. It highlights that nature loss, particularly water-related risks, creates significant macro-criticality for economies, with potentially 7-9% of global GDP at risk. The paper provides building blocks for central banks to prioritise and mitigate these systemic risks.
Research
13 December 2023

A mission-aligned World Bank: From ambition to delivery

UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose
This research examines the World Bank's adoption of mission-oriented frameworks, focusing on initiatives like Mission 300 and Mission Water. It proposes shifting from market-fixing models to market-shaping approaches, emphasising cross-sectoral portfolios, reciprocal public-private relationships, and the development of dynamic public sector capabilities to achieve sustainable development goals.
Research
15 April 2026

Who’s aligned to whom? How AI agents shape experts’ research judgement calls

Anthropic
This research explores how AI agents influence expert judgement in underdetermined tasks. A randomised trial found causal-inference practitioners followed AI leans 86% of the time. Despite adopting AI talking points, most experts viewed decisions as their own, highlighting risks of unacknowledged deferral in scientific and policy research.
Research
26 October 2026

Integrating nature into macroeconomic models

London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
This report summarises a workshop of 35 experts discussing the integration of nature into macroeconomic models. It highlights that current nature-blind frameworks misprice risks and undervalue natural capital. Through case studies and transmission channel mapping, it identifies practical ways to embed ecological assets into core economic decision-making processes.
Research
23 January 2026

Futuremaker's toolbox

Sitra
An open-access foresight collection by Sitra, providing frameworks for trend analysis, scenario building, and strategic decision-making to help professionals navigate and shape future economic and environmental landscapes.
Resource hub
17 October 2025

Coasian stakeholder theory

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This report introduces Coasian stakeholder theory, defining stakeholders by their "shutdown power" over specific transactions. It applies the Coase theorem to show how identification, bargaining, and coalition costs affect value creation. The research provides a strategic framework for managing stakeholders through governance design and consolidated opposition.
Research
18 October 2026

Realising Aotearoa New Zealand’s full potential: What will it take?

Circular by Nature
This report outlines a roadmap for transitioning to a circular economy in Aotearoa New Zealand. It identifies significant value loss in current linear systems and proposes a strategy based on coordinated leadership, a national framework, and durable regulatory settings to enhance productivity, resilience, and environmental health.
Research
17 September 2026

Impact Management Project

The Impact Management Project provides a shared convention for understanding and managing material effects on people and the planet. It introduces five dimensions of impact: what, how much, who, contribution, and risk. The framework assists businesses and investors in using data-driven assessments to mitigate negative outcomes and increase positive performance.
Research
28 September 2017

Synergies between Biodiversity and Climate Policy

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
A resource from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) exploring policy alignment between biodiversity and climate change frameworks. It provides insights into Nature-based Solutions and integrated environmental governance.
Resource hub
9 December 2022
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