Preamble
The Declaration acknowledges the historical injustices faced by Indigenous peoples, including colonisation and dispossession of lands, territories, and resources. It emphasises the equality of Indigenous peoples with others, their contributions to global cultural and social diversity, and the need to protect their rights and self-determination. States are encouraged to respect treaties and agreements with Indigenous communities, and to work in partnership to ensure justice and mutual respect.
Articles 1-5: Equality and self-determination
Indigenous peoples are entitled to full human rights and freedoms without discrimination (Article 1). The Declaration affirms their right to self-determination, autonomy in internal matters, and self-government (Articles 3-4). They also retain the right to maintain their distinct political, legal, economic, and cultural systems while participating fully in the life of the state (Article 5).
Articles 6-10: Protection from discrimination and forced removal
Indigenous individuals have a right to nationality (Article 6) and protection from violence and assimilation (Articles 7-8). Importantly, the Declaration prohibits the forcible removal of Indigenous peoples from their lands without their free, prior, and informed consent (Article 10).
Articles 11-15: Cultural rights and education
Indigenous peoples have the right to practise, revitalise, and protect their cultural traditions, artefacts, and spiritual practices (Articles 11-12). Language preservation, cultural diversity, and Indigenous-controlled education systems are fundamental to ensuring the transmission of their knowledge and traditions (Articles 13-15).
Articles 16-22: Participation, employment, and social conditions
The Declaration guarantees Indigenous peoples the right to participate in decision-making processes affecting their rights (Article 18) and demands consultation before implementing legislative or administrative actions (Article 19). Special attention is given to improving social and economic conditions, particularly for vulnerable groups such as women, children, and elders (Articles 21-22).
Articles 23-27: Land, territories, and resources
The right to own, use, and control traditional lands, territories, and resources is highlighted as critical for Indigenous peoples’ development and cultural preservation (Article 26). States are required to provide redress, including restitution or fair compensation, for lands taken without consent (Article 28). Transparent processes for adjudicating land and resource rights must respect Indigenous customs and laws (Article 27).
Articles 28-32: Environmental protection and development
Environmental sustainability is prioritised, prohibiting hazardous material disposal and military activities on Indigenous lands without consent (Articles 29-30). Indigenous peoples have the right to determine strategies for land and resource development and must be consulted before projects are approved (Article 32).
Articles 33-37: Institutional and legal autonomy
Indigenous peoples can determine their identity, membership, and institutions while maintaining customs and juridical systems, provided they align with international human rights standards (Articles 33-34). Treaties and agreements between Indigenous peoples and states must be honoured (Article 37).
Articles 38-46: Implementation and limitations
The Declaration obliges states to implement its provisions through legislative and policy measures (Article 38) and ensure access to financial and technical support (Article 39). It stresses that the rights outlined represent minimum standards for Indigenous peoples’ dignity, survival, and well-being (Article 43). Limitations are subject to international human rights obligations and must respect the principles of justice and equality (Article 46).
Recommendations
The Declaration urges states to collaborate with Indigenous communities, uphold their commitments under international agreements, and adopt measures to address the systemic issues affecting Indigenous peoples. Practical actions include land restitution, legislative reforms, and inclusive decision-making frameworks.
This Declaration sets an important standard for advancing the rights of Indigenous peoples globally while fostering mutual respect and cooperation between states and Indigenous communities.