Library | ESG issues

Climate Change

Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.

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Climate risk and adaptation in global food

First Sentier Investors
The report outlines rising climate risks to global food supply chains, projecting up to $38 trillion in damages by 2050. It explores mitigation and adaptation strategies across crops, livestock, and fisheries, and highlights investor actions to build resilience, support sustainable practices, and adapt to shifting market, environmental, and regulatory conditions.
Research
10 April 2025

Reconsidering the macroeconomic damage of severe warming

This study finds that accounting for global weather conditions significantly increases projected macroeconomic damage from climate change. Global GDP losses by 2100 may rise from ~11% to ~40% under high emissions. Incorporating global effects also reduces the optimal warming threshold from 2.7°C to 1.7°C, aligning with Paris Agreement targets.
Research
31 March 2025

AIGCC's the state of investor climate transition in Asia

Asia Investor Group on Climate Change (AIGCC)
This benchmark series tracks the progress of institutional investors across Asia in integrating climate considerations into governance, investment, engagement, disclosure and policy advocacy. It provides a consistent and structured assessment framework to evaluate investor alignment with net zero pathways and climate-related financial risks and opportunities.
Benchmark/series

IGCC's state of net zero investment series

Investor Group on Climate Change
The Investor Group on Climate Change (IGCC) annual State of Net Zero report series is Australia’s most comprehensive analysis of institutional investors’ net zero investment practices. This benchmark series is based on survey responses from firms managing trillions of dollars on behalf of Australian and New Zealand beneficiaries.
Benchmark/series

CA100+ net zero benchmark

Investor Group on Climate Change
​Climate Action 100+ focuses on 169 companies crucial to the global net-zero emissions transition. The tool provides assessments of these companies' alignment with climate goals, aiding investors in evaluating climate-related financial risks and opportunities.
Online tool/database

Landing the economic case for climate action with decision makers

Boston Consulting Group
The report outlines strategies to better communicate the economic rationale for climate action to decision makers. It examines barriers, including limited capacity and political constraints, and recommends clearer economic framing, stronger narratives, and alignment with national development goals to drive engagement and support for climate policies.
Research
11 March 2025

The nature-based solutions map

World Business Council for Sustainable Development
This tool is designed to help businesses identify relevant nature-based solutions (NbS) for addressing challenges related to core business operations, climate, nature, water, and social equity. It categorises NbS based on business needs and biomes, facilitating decision-making. The map serves as a starting point, requiring further development for implementation.
Research
5 June 2024

Innovative markets and market-like instruments for ecosystem services

This tool provides investors with a framework for evaluating and comparing different nature-based investment opportunities. It helps identify projects that offer the best combination of financial returns and environmental impact, supporting informed investment decisions.
Online tool/database
24 August 2013

Earth Security

Commercial Research Providers
Earth Security partners with companies, investors, and governments to quantify the economic value of ecosystems, promoting investments in nature-based solutions. Their initiatives include developing mangrove-positive investment funds and integrating natural infrastructure for climate resilience.
Organisation
1 research item

Environmental Finance's biodiversity insight series

Environmental Finance
This series explores the evolving role of biodiversity in sustainable finance, investment strategies, and regulatory developments. It examines biodiversity risk, natural capital investment, reporting frameworks, and financial instruments supporting conservation efforts. The series provides insights into emerging market mechanisms, data challenges, and the integration of biodiversity considerations into financial decision-making.
Benchmark/series

Australian Impact Investments (Aii)

Commercial Research Providers
Australian Impact Investments (Aii) is a specialist asset consulting firm dedicated to mobilising capital for positive social and environmental impact alongside financial returns. Established in 2014, Aii collaborates with charitable trusts, foundations, family offices, wealth advisors, and institutions, offering bespoke impact strategies, rigorous investment analysis, and comprehensive portfolio management. With a focus on responsible investing, Aii assists clients at every stage of their impact journey.
Organisation

Bankable nature solutions

World Wide Fund for Nature (World Wildlife Fund – WWF)
This report aims to support readers in understanding Bankable Nature Solutions (BNS) and start identifying and developing their own BNS project by providing Blueprints for Bankable Nature Solutions from across the globe to adapt to and mitigate climate change and to help our living planet thrive.
Research
17 June 2020

Conservation investment blueprint: Environmental impact bond for green infrastructure - coastal resilience

This case study outlines the Environmental Impact Bond (EIB) model for funding coastal resilience projects. It focuses on Louisiana’s wetland restoration to mitigate storm damage and land loss. The EIB attracts private investment, enabling earlier project implementation, cost savings, and ecological benefits. It aligns financial incentives with conservation goals through performance-based returns.
Research
10 January 2019

Green Climate Fund (GCF)

Government Sponsored / Multilateral Organisations
Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a global fund established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to support developing countries in tackling climate change. It provides financing for mitigation and adaptation projects, focusing on low-emission, climate-resilient development. Funded by governments, GCF plays a key role in international climate finance.
Organisation

Building disaster- and climate-resilient infrastructure through public–private partnerships

Australian Government
The report discusses leveraging public–private partnerships (PPPs) to build disaster- and climate-resilient infrastructure in Southeast Asia, addressing funding gaps, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and integrating resilience measures. It highlights Australian practices, aligning climate, disaster, and inclusion goals for sustainable infrastructure development.
Research
10 October 2024

Decarbonisation investment solutions for sectors: A discussion paper on Sector Transition Plans and their importance to investors

Investor Group on Climate Change
The report from the Investor Group on Climate Change (IGCC) discusses the development and importance of sector transition pathways to support Australia’s decarbonisation. It highlights how clear pathways aligned with the Paris Agreement can guide investment, minimise risks, and foster collaboration among investors, governments, and companies to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
Research
30 October 2023
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