Library | ESG issues
Energy Solutions & Decarbonisation
Energy solutions and decarbonisation refer to strategies and technologies that reduce carbon emissions while ensuring reliable and sustainable energy supply. This includes renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydropower, energy efficiency measures, electrification, carbon capture, and clean energy innovations. Decarbonisation is essential for mitigating climate change, enhancing energy security, and transitioning industries toward low-carbon operations.
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Repurposing power markets: The path to sustainable and affordable energy for all
IFC’s report argues that repurposing power market designs is critical to achieving affordable, reliable and sustainable electricity. Drawing on global data, it finds competitive markets attract private capital, improve access and accelerate renewables, while recommending tailored reforms guided by innovation, integration and institutional strength.
Powering up the global south: The cleantech path to growth
The report argues the Global South is rapidly adopting cleantech as its cheapest growth pathway, driven by low energy access, limited fossil resources and abundant renewables. Falling costs, electrification and Chinese supply underpin accelerating solar and wind deployment, with fossil fuel demand for electricity expected to peak by 2030.
Banking on business as usual: The energy finance imbalance
The report assesses energy financing by 65 major banks (2021–2024), finding fossil fuel finance more than double sustainable power supply. The energy supply financing ratio stagnates around 0.42:1, far below net-zero benchmarks, with regional disparities and weak translation of climate commitments into financing shifts.
The alignment of companies' sustainability behavior and emissions with global climate targets
The study analyses sustainability reports from major listed companies to assess alignment with Paris climate targets. Using natural language processing, it finds alignment depends on the type of actions taken. Firms prioritising innovation and energy transition outperform those focused on risk mitigation.
Chipping point: Tracking electricity consumption and emissions from AI chip manufacturing
The report estimates AI chip manufacturing electricity use rose from 218 GWh in 2023 to 984 GWh in 2024, driven by East Asian production. By 2030, demand could reach 11,550 - 37,238 GWh, sharply increasing emissions unless renewable electricity adoption accelerates.
Towards common criteria for sustainable fuels
This IEA report examines how common, transparent criteria for sustainable fuels could support decarbonisation. It compares existing standards, highlights inconsistencies in definitions, and proposes supply-chain greenhouse gas intensity as a basis for fair comparison and policy alignment.
Green industrial policy’s unfinished business: A publicly managed fossil fuel wind-down
The report argues that green industrial policy must actively manage a fossil fuel wind-down. It contends that renewables expansion alone is insufficient, calling for public planning, regulation, and ownership to ensure equitable decarbonisation and prevent fossil fuel liabilities shifting to the public.
Resilient LLP
Resilient LLP is a specialist climate change and clean energy law firm providing expert legal, policy and regulatory advice to public and private energy companies, governments, financial institutions and NGOs. It focuses on carbon markets, net-zero strategy, sustainable finance and Indigenous rights in the energy transition.
Building resilient supply chains: Getting the most out of supplier engagement
The report outlines how climate-related risks threaten supply chains and presents seven practical steps to strengthen resilience through supplier engagement. It stresses clear objectives, data use, prioritisation, incentives and cross-functional collaboration to drive emissions reduction, improve transparency and align procurement with long-term sustainability and risk-management goals.
Guidance Handbook
ICMA’s June 2025 Guidance Handbook clarifies practical application of Green, Social, Sustainability and Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles, covering use of proceeds, governance, reporting, verification and market issues. It supports consistent labelling, transparency and market integrity across sustainable debt instruments.
SME Climate Hub
SME Climate Hub is a non-profit global initiative empowering small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to take climate action, halve emissions by 2030 and achieve net zero by 2050. It offers free tools, resources and a recognised climate commitment framework to help SMEs measure, reduce and report their carbon emissions.
Exponential Roadmap Initiative
Exponential Roadmap Initiative (ERI) is a global, mission-driven organisation accelerating science-aligned climate action. It works with companies, investors and partners to scale climate solutions, assess climate performance, and support pathways to halve global greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 through practical frameworks and collaborative initiatives across business, finance and policy contexts.
Maximising Australia’s green growth: Leveraging trade and aid policy to drive Australia’s green exports agenda
The report assesses risks to Australia’s fossil fuel exports and outlines how aligned trade, aid and climate finance policies can build demand for green exports. It proposes sustainable growth partnerships in the Indo-Pacific to secure markets, attract investment and support regional decarbonisation.
ITI’s sustainable technology policy guide: Understanding AI’s role in the energy transition
The report outlines how AI increases energy demand yet supports sustainability through efficiency gains, improved forecasting, and advanced grid management. It recommends grid modernisation, expanded low-carbon power, enhanced data-centre resource efficiency, and lifecycle carbon management to enable reliable, sustainable deployment of next-generation technologies.
Moving forward imagining a sustainable transport system
The report outlines a universal basic services approach to UK transport, highlighting inequitable access, high emissions, and car dependence. It assesses current government reforms and recommends long-term, publicly oriented investment to expand affordable, integrated, low-carbon mobility, prioritising public transport and active travel within environmental limits.
Sustainable Finance Roundup December 2025: Nature, Regulation, and the Hardening of Risk
This month’s sustainable finance roundup traces the shift from ambition to enforcement, as climate and nature risks become financial, regulatory and legal realities. It covers Australia’s environmental law reforms, the embedding of climate and nature risk through prudential supervision, disclosure and shareholder pressure, and insurer warnings on the limits of insurability. It also highlights how markets are responding to deforestation and biodiversity risk, and how litigation and regulation are reshaping governance and long-term financial resilience.