Library | ESG issues

Environmental

The environmental pillar in ESG (environmental, social, and governance) assesses an organisation’s impact on the planet. It includes issues such as climate change, biodiversity, waste management and water management. Strong environmental practices help businesses reduce risks, comply with regulations, and drive long-term sustainability.

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Ceres' food emissions 50 company benchmark

Ceres
The Food Emissions 50 Company Benchmark evaluates major North American food companies on greenhouse gas emissions disclosures, reduction targets, and climate transition plans. It highlights progress in reporting scope 3 emissions and setting science-based targets, while identifying areas needing improvement, such as aligning growth strategies with emissions goals.
Benchmark/series

Risky business: How Australian financial institutions are managing nature-related risks and opportunities

Australian Conservation Foundation
This report assesses how ten banks and ten super funds in Australia are addressing nature-related risks and opportunities. It evaluates their strategies, risk management, target setting, and stakeholder engagement, highlighting areas of progress and identifying where further action is needed to mitigate financial risks associated with nature loss.
Research
6 June 2024

Financing Africa's low carbon green economy transition: Africa's climate finance needs

Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership
This report outlines how African states must spend at least US$2.5tn by 2030 to meet climate commitments. It shows that emission reduction makes up close to 80% of spending, with plans for adaptation to climate change costed at US$418 billion.
Research
24 January 2023

Climate change litigation databases

Sabin Center for Climate Change Law
The Climate Change Litigation Database is an online tool providing access to a comprehensive collection of global climate change litigation cases. It is designed to support legal and finance professionals by offering detailed information and insights into climate-related legal actions and decisions worldwide.
Online tool/database

Climate risk and adaptation in global food

First Sentier Investors
The report outlines rising climate risks to global food supply chains, projecting up to $38 trillion in damages by 2050. It explores mitigation and adaptation strategies across crops, livestock, and fisheries, and highlights investor actions to build resilience, support sustainable practices, and adapt to shifting market, environmental, and regulatory conditions.
Research
10 April 2025

Reconsidering the macroeconomic damage of severe warming

This study finds that accounting for global weather conditions significantly increases projected macroeconomic damage from climate change. Global GDP losses by 2100 may rise from ~11% to ~40% under high emissions. Incorporating global effects also reduces the optimal warming threshold from 2.7°C to 1.7°C, aligning with Paris Agreement targets.
Research
31 March 2025

Fossil to Clean — business action checklists

We Mean Business
The Fossil to Clean Business Action Checklists provide sector-specific guidance for companies to transition from fossil fuels to clean energy. Developed by the We Mean Business Coalition, the tool outlines key actions aligned with science-based targets and global climate goals. It supports practical implementation of climate commitments.
Online tool/database

AIGCC's the state of investor climate transition in Asia

Asia Investor Group on Climate Change (AIGCC)
This benchmark series tracks the progress of institutional investors across Asia in integrating climate considerations into governance, investment, engagement, disclosure and policy advocacy. It provides a consistent and structured assessment framework to evaluate investor alignment with net zero pathways and climate-related financial risks and opportunities.
Benchmark/series

IGCC's state of net zero investment series

Investor Group on Climate Change
The Investor Group on Climate Change (IGCC) annual State of Net Zero report series is Australia’s most comprehensive analysis of institutional investors’ net zero investment practices. This benchmark series is based on survey responses from firms managing trillions of dollars on behalf of Australian and New Zealand beneficiaries.
Benchmark/series

CA100+ net zero benchmark

Investor Group on Climate Change
​Climate Action 100+ focuses on 169 companies crucial to the global net-zero emissions transition. The tool provides assessments of these companies' alignment with climate goals, aiding investors in evaluating climate-related financial risks and opportunities.
Online tool/database

Addressing biodiversity risk and opportunity at PensionDanmark

Accounting for Sustainability (A4S)
PensionDanmark developed a biodiversity strategy targeting its real estate and infrastructure assets to mitigate nature loss. It employs data-led initiatives, stakeholder engagement, and nature-based solutions to protect and restore biodiversity, aligning with EU taxonomy and Science Based Targets for Nature. Implementation includes construction screening, sustainable sourcing, and performance monitoring.
Research
18 February 2025

Landing the economic case for climate action with decision makers

Boston Consulting Group
The report outlines strategies to better communicate the economic rationale for climate action to decision makers. It examines barriers, including limited capacity and political constraints, and recommends clearer economic framing, stronger narratives, and alignment with national development goals to drive engagement and support for climate policies.
Research
11 March 2025

Investing in a pollution free ocean

Back to Blue
The report explores how ocean pollution poses financial, legal and reputational risks to businesses, particularly land-based sectors. It identifies data gaps as a barrier to effective decision-making and highlights opportunities in green chemistry, data innovation and sustainable finance. It recommends integrating ocean health into corporate and financial strategies.
Research
24 March 2025

Back to Blue

Issue Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Back to Blue Initiative is a joint project by Economist Impact and the Nippon Foundation addressing ocean pollution. It focuses on data-driven solutions for plastic and chemical pollution in marine environments. The initiative offers research, policy insights and advocacy to support sustainable ocean health and inform global environmental decision-making.
Organisation
1 research item

International Council on Mining and Metals

Other Industry / Sector Specific Groups & Sponsored Organisations
​The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) is a global leadership organisation dedicated to enhancing the mining and metals industry's contribution to sustainable development. ICMM brings together a third of the global industry, promoting ethical business practices, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility. Members commit to stringent Mining Principles, aiming for a safe, just, and sustainable world enabled by responsibly produced minerals and metals.
Organisation
1 research item

The nature-based solutions map

World Business Council for Sustainable Development
This tool is designed to help businesses identify relevant nature-based solutions (NbS) for addressing challenges related to core business operations, climate, nature, water, and social equity. It categorises NbS based on business needs and biomes, facilitating decision-making. The map serves as a starting point, requiring further development for implementation.
Research
5 June 2024
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