Library | ESG issues

Environmental

The environmental pillar in ESG (environmental, social, and governance) assesses an organisation’s impact on the planet. It includes issues such as climate change, biodiversity, waste management and water management. Strong environmental practices help businesses reduce risks, comply with regulations, and drive long-term sustainability.

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Greenwashing and how to avoid it: An introductory guide for Asia's finance industry

Asia Investor Group on Climate Change (AIGCC)
This report offers Asia's finance industry a comprehensive guide on greenwashing, including its definition and the risks it poses. The report also covers regulatory developments and guidance to tackle greenwashing, and provides practical steps to guard against greenwashing risks in the industry.
Research
25 April 2023

Innovation: How does innovation drive change for gender inclusion in business, finance and investment?

Value For Women
This report examines how innovation is driving change for gender inclusion in business, finance and investment. Drawing from over 100 expert interviews and case studies, the report identifies a range of innovations that are making finance more inclusive for women and concludes with the most powerful actions for driving gender equality.
Research
26 July 2023

Creating city portraits: A methodological guide from The Thriving Cities Initiative

Doughnut Economics Action Lab (DEAL)
This report introduces a practical approach to visualizing sustainable urban development. Based on the 'doughnut' concept, the guide provides insight into the holistic nature of thriving cities and acts as a transformative tool for policymakers.
Research
8 July 2020

A critical minerals value-adding superpower

Climate Energy Finance (CEF)
This report explores the potential for the nation to become a leader in mining and refining critical minerals. It highlights the economic, employment, and environmental benefits that could be unlocked by prioritising onshore processing, particularly against a backdrop of global decarbonisation.
Research
1 March 2023

Five-step approach to stakeholder engagement

Business for Social Responsibility (BSR)
This is a comprehensive toolkit developed to help companies understand and respond to existing and emerging societal concerns through stakeholder engagement. It is based on the long experience of the authors and interviews with member companies and BSR employees.
Research
27 April 2019

Water risks and financial market: Overview and analysis

South Pole Carbon
This report explores water risks and opportunities in the financial sector. It provides an overview of tools and approaches to assess water risks, identifies potential actions to align with international water goals, and calls for greater integration of water considerations into financial decision-making.

Research
18 May 2018

International IR framework

International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC)
This report provides a summary of the International Integrated Reporting Framework. Integrated Reporting promotes a cohesive approach to corporate reporting by providing information about value creation, preservation, or erosion over the short, medium, and long term. Fundamental concepts, guiding principles, and content elements are detailed in this framework.
Research
1 January 2021

The Passives Problem and Paris goals: How index investing trends threaten climate action

The Sunrise Project
This report sheds light on the Passives Problem, highlighting the dangers of an excessively passive investment market. It argues that this trend is hindering progress on mitigating climate change and exacerbating the risks of market instability. The report suggests possible solutions to the problem and examines how investors can align with climate action.
Research
17 January 2020

Future of waste

UBS
This report examines the future of waste reduction, the environmental and financial impacts of waste, and investment opportunities in waste management globally. The report provides regional, country, and sector insights on companies most affected by waste and ways for mainstream companies to proactively manage waste and pollution.
Research
24 February 2020

Renewable energy and human rights benchmark report series

Business and Human Rights Resource Centre
The Renewable Energy and Human Rights Benchmark series assesses how leading renewable energy companies manage and respect human rights across their operations and value chains. The series provides a consistent, comparative framework to track corporate practices and accountability in the global energy transition.
Benchmark/series
18 September 2025

Beyond compliance in the renewable energy sector: Assessing UK and Australian Modern Slavery Act statements

Walk Free
This report assesses the statements of 60 renewable energy companies under the UK and Australian Modern Slavery Acts, identifying their compliance gaps. Though most firms disclose their modern slavery policy, few extend it beyond tier one, limiting worker protection. The report calls for improved guidance, supply chain transparency, and stronger government enforcement measures.
Research
20 September 2023

Rethinking climate change: How humanity can choose to reduce emissions 90% by 2035 through the disruption of energy, transportation, and food with existing technologies

RethinkX
This report examines how existing technologies in energy, transportation, and food could lead to a 90% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. Using the Seba Technology Disruption Framework, they forecast disruptive changes and identify how markets could drive emissions mitigation.
Research
31 July 2021

Unused tools: How central banks are fueling the climate crisis

Oil Change International
This report dissects the role of central banks in fossil fuel finance and climate change, presenting 10 criteria for assessment and analysing 12 central banks worldwide. While there is increased recognition among global central banks of the severity of climate change, they continue to prop up fossil fuels and largely maintain an industrial structure that uncritically exacerbates the climate crisis.
Research
27 August 2021

Measuring what matters most: Seven systems transformations for benchmarking companies on the SDGs

World Benchmarking Alliance
This report provides guidance on developing benchmarks to transform systems towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It identifies seven critical transformations: social, agriculture and food, decarbonisation and energy, circular, digital, urban, and financial systems. These benchmarks aim to hold companies accountable and drive meaningful change across industries to support sustainable development.
Research
15 July 2019

Physical risk framework: Understanding the impacts of climate change on real estate lending and investment portfolios

Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership
This report provides lenders and investors with a four-step process to assess the physical impact of climate change on their real estate and infrastructure portfolios. The report emphasises the importance of using insurers’ extreme weather models within this framework to estimate natural catastrophe risks.
Research
16 February 2019

Transition risk framework: Managing the impacts of the low carbon transition on infrastructure investments

Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership
This report introduces a transition risk framework aiding investors and regulators in navigating risks and seizing opportunities in the low-carbon transition. It enhances comprehension of how transition risks impact financial performance in infrastructure investments, offering a transparent, adaptable, and robust methodology for assessing the financial implications of a shift towards a low-carbon economy.
Research
18 February 2019
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