Library | ESG issues

Inclusive Finance

Inclusive finance, also known as financial inclusion, refers to the provision of accessible, affordable, and timely financial products and services to all individuals and businesses, regardless of income level or socioeconomic status. This encompasses services such as banking, credit, insurance, and payment systems, delivered responsibly and sustainably. By integrating underserved populations into the financial system, inclusive finance fosters entrepreneurship, reduces poverty, and promotes economic growth.

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Gender intentional credit scoring

Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP)
This CGAP technical guide outlines how lenders can apply gender-intentional approaches to credit scoring to expand women’s access to finance without increasing portfolio risk. Using data from AB Bank Zambia and TymeBank South Africa, it demonstrates practical methods for integrating gender analysis, adjusting scorecards, and improving lending outcomes for women.
Research
2 March 2024

Sustainable development report 2025

Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)
The Sustainable Development Report is a benchmark series that tracks global and national progress toward achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Produced annually by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and partners, it presents the SDG Index and Dashboards, offering comparable data, analysis, and trends for all UN member states.
Benchmark/series
26 June 2025

The Real Tragedy of the Horizon

Mark Carney’s “tragedy of the horizon” warned that markets would act too late on climate risks. A decade later, this article argues that framing climate change as a financial risk has misdirected efforts—what’s needed now is coordinated action to create investable markets, especially in emerging economies.
Article
13 October 2025

Impact-linked finance: Learning from eight years and ideas for the future

Roots of Impact
This report by Roots of Impact (2024) reviews eight years of experience implementing Impact-Linked Finance (ILF), a structuring approach that rewards measurable social or environmental outcomes by linking financial terms to impact performance. It outlines ILF’s evolution, design principles, effectiveness benchmarks, and opportunities to scale through collaboration and new impact-linked instruments.
Research
24 June 2024

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

Government Sponsored / Multilateral Organisations
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is a UN intergovernmental body that supports developing countries in trade, investment, finance and technology. It delivers data-driven policy analysis, technical cooperation and global consensus building to help countries integrate into the world economy and advance sustainable development.
Organisation
1 research item

Global outlook on financing for sustainable development 2025: Towards a more resilient and inclusive architecture

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
This report summarises global financing trends for sustainable development, noting investment gaps in developing economies, heightened debt vulnerabilities, and the need for coordinated reforms. It highlights the importance of blended finance, resilience-building, and aligning the international financial architecture to better support inclusive and sustainable growth.
Research
7 February 2025

DBS Bank

Commercial Research Providers
DBS Bank India is a digital-led universal bank offering personal, SME, corporate and wealth management services. Features include resident and non-resident (NRI) savings and fixed deposit accounts, remittance, loans, digital payments and credit/debit card solutions. Positions as Asia’s safest bank with a wide India branch network.
Organisation
1 research item

ShareAction's point of no return series

ShareAction
The Point of No Returns benchmark series assesses the world’s largest asset managers on responsible investment across climate, biodiversity, social issues, governance, and stewardship. Published by ShareAction, the series provides rankings, sector-wide analysis, and examples of practice to guide improvement and accountability.
Benchmark/series

Chatham House

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Chatham House, known formally as Royal Institute of International Affairs, is an independent policy institute in London. It delivers rigorous research, analysis and dialogue on global issues—such as international relations, climate change, security and economics. Its mission: help governments and societies build a sustainably secure, prosperous and just world.
Organisation

Resilient Planet Data Hub

Government Sponsored / Multilateral Organisations
Resilient Planet Data Hub offers open, globally consistent climate and nature risk data to guide resilience and adaptation investment. Convened by UNDRR, Insurance Development Forum and University of Oxford, it powers tools like the GRI Risk Viewer and Resilient Planet Finance Lab to mobilise action, policy and finance for people, planet and prosperity.
Organisation

Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) is an independent, non‑partisan, non‑profit focused on transforming global energy systems. It delivers market‑driven, clean energy and decarbonisation solutions—spanning policy, industry and communities—to advance affordable, zero‑carbon futures. RMI supports rapid energy transition and sustainable development through research, analysis and global collaboration.
Organisation

Mobilising institutional capital towards the SDGs and a Just Transition

Impact Investing Institute
This report outlines pathways for mobilising institutional capital towards the Sustainable Development Goals and a Just Transition. It focuses on investment vehicles, emerging markets, and private asset classes, providing practical recommendations, case studies, and frameworks to integrate environmental, social, and community considerations into scalable, impactful financial strategies.
Research
17 December 2021

Starting up: Responsible investment in venture capital

Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI)
This report examines how environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors are being adopted in venture capital. It outlines current practices, challenges, and industry-specific considerations, and highlights the need for tailored guidance, collaboration, and early-stage engagement to advance responsible investment across the venture capital ecosystem.
Research
19 January 2022

Impact economies tractions and trends: Insights from 34 GSG National Partners

GSG Impact
This report presents insights from 34 national ecosystems advancing impact investing. It highlights trends in policy, capital mobilisation, and transparency, showing governments and institutions integrating social and environmental outcomes into investment strategies. It tracks growth in green finance, outcome-based funding, and investment readiness across emerging and developed economies.
Research
13 May 2025

Australian Impact Investments (Aii)

Commercial Research Providers
Australian Impact Investments (Aii) is a specialist asset consulting firm dedicated to mobilising capital for positive social and environmental impact alongside financial returns. Established in 2014, Aii collaborates with charitable trusts, foundations, family offices, wealth advisors, and institutions, offering bespoke impact strategies, rigorous investment analysis, and comprehensive portfolio management. With a focus on responsible investing, Aii assists clients at every stage of their impact journey.
Organisation

UNEP FI impact analysis tools for banks/investors

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
This tool is designed for banks, investors and corporate clients and investee companies. The tool guides banks/investors through an impact analysis of their portfolios. Developed jointly with signatories from the PRB and UNEP FI, the tool helps banks/investors set targets.
Online tool/database
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