Library | ESG issues
Reporting & Disclosures
Reporting and disclosures provide transparency on a company’s financial performance, strategy, and sustainability practices. Clear, reliable disclosures improve stakeholder trust, inform investment decisions, and drive corporate accountability.
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Regulating finance for biodiversity: An assessment for the global biodiversity framework
This report assesses how financial regulation in Indonesia, Brazil, China, the EU and the US aligns with Global Biodiversity Framework targets, finding biodiversity integration generally weak and recommending stronger disclosure, due diligence, taxonomies, sanctions and sector-specific rules to redirect finance away from forest-risk activities.
ASRS first year has landed: Here's what we’re seeing in the market
This article examines how Australian organisations are approaching the first year of mandatory ASRS climate disclosures. It highlights common implementation patterns, areas of misallocated effort, and emerging practices that prioritise financially material, decision-useful climate reporting.
AI search has a citation problem
The report evaluates eight generative AI search tools and finds widespread problems in accurately citing news sources. Many systems fabricate or misattribute links, ignore publisher restrictions and provide confident but incorrect answers, raising concerns about information reliability, publisher traffic loss and the transparency of AI-generated search results.
Climate-related risks and opportunities and the disclosure of material information
This educational material explains how entities apply AASB S2 to identify and disclose material information on climate-related risks and opportunities affecting cash flows, access to finance and cost of capital. It outlines concepts such as value chains, dependencies and impacts, and provides a four-step process for assessing and reporting material climate-related information.
Mandatory Climate Reporting in Australia: A Practical Guide for 2026
Australia’s mandatory climate reporting regime began implementation from 2025, aligned with ISSB IFRS S2 standards. This guide explains regulatory expectations, governance responsibilities, emissions data requirements and practical steps organisations should take in 2026 to establish compliant climate disclosures, integrate climate risks into financial reporting, and prepare for assurance and regulatory scrutiny.
Investor action plans (ICAPs): Expectations ladder
The report outlines the Investor Climate Action Plans (ICAPs) Expectations Ladder, a framework enabling investors to assess and strengthen climate strategies. It sets tiered actions across investment, engagement, policy advocacy, disclosure and governance to support portfolio decarbonisation and alignment with net-zero pathways.
Disentangling materiality and climate reporting
This article explains how the concept of materiality applies in AASB S2 climate disclosures and why it is often misunderstood. It distinguishes between material information, climate risks, emissions reporting, and ESG double materiality assessments, offering practical guidance for preparing compliant climate reports.
Quality matters: Transforming ESG data for better decision-making
Examines weaknesses in ESG data quality affecting investment and corporate analysis, including inconsistent company reporting, provider extraction errors and structural gaps such as absent repositories. Recommends stronger reporting standards, XBRL tagging, assurance and improved collaboration among companies, regulators and data providers to produce reliable ESG data for financial decision-making.
Sustainable Finance Roundup February 2026: Disclosure, Carbon Trade, and Transition Economics
This month’s sustainability roundup traces a rapidly evolving landscape in climate governance and industrial transition, highlighting the convergence of ISSB-aligned disclosure standards and emerging carbon trade measures alongside shifting cost curves in transport and critical minerals. It underscores how tighter emissions accounting and border policies are embedding carbon competitiveness into capital allocation, while advances in electrification, AI-driven power demand and expanding legal accountability are integrating climate and nature risk into mainstream financial decision-making.
Global pension transparency benchmark
The Global Pension Transparency Benchmark is a benchmark series initiated in 2021 that assesses how clearly major pension funds disclose information on value-generation for stakeholders. It evaluates public disclosures across four equally weighted factors — governance and organisation, performance, costs and responsible investing — using a structured scoring methodology. The purpose is to promote better transparency and accountability in pension reporting. Finance professionals can use the benchmark to compare disclosure practices, inform improvements in fund reporting and align with evolving global standards.
Sustainable finance progress tracker series
This benchmark series provides an annual, independent assessment of progress in implementing Australia’s sustainable finance roadmap and action plan. It tracks policy, regulatory, market and institutional developments, offering a consistent framework to monitor how the financial system is aligning with sustainability objectives over time.
China sustainable investment review series
The China Sustainable Investment Review is a recurring research series that provides a structured overview of the development of China’s sustainable investment market. It examines policy evolution, market practices, product types, and ESG integration across financial institutions using publicly available information.
The MSCI sustainability institute net-zero tracker series
The MSCI Sustainability Institute Net-Zero Tracker is a periodic benchmark series that monitors how listed companies align with global climate goals. It provides a consistent framework for assessing emissions pathways, transition readiness, disclosure practices and climate-related investment context across markets and sectors.
Indicators of global climate change 2024: Annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence series
This series provides annual, peer-reviewed updates on key indicators of the global climate system and human influence. It tracks developments between IPCC assessment cycles, using consistent methods to support comparability, transparency, and evidence-based decision-making for policy and finance audiences.
Climate fiduciaries: part III – mind the model gap
The article explores how pension funds rely on imperfect climate models to assess financial risk and whether fiduciary duty requires deeper scrutiny of their assumptions. It highlights emerging legal challenges, model limitations, and the shift toward richer scenarios and climate narratives in investment decision-making.
Global carbon budget series
The Global Carbon Budget is a recurring research series that synthesises global data on carbon dioxide sources and sinks. It provides a consistent framework for tracking emissions, atmospheric concentrations, and carbon uptake across land and oceans, supporting analysis of climate system dynamics and policy-relevant assessment over time.