This benchmark series provides concise annual assessments of the global climate, using consistent scientific indicators to monitor environmental conditions, human pressures, and system responses. It is designed to support structured analysis and comparison over time for researchers, policymakers, and finance and sustainability professionals.

The Peoples’ Climate Vote is a global survey series capturing public perspectives on climate change, policy priorities and collective action. Led by international institutions, it provides a consistent framework to understand how people experience climate impacts and how they expect governments, businesses and global actors to respond.

The Banking on Climate Chaos is a multi-year research series assessing how major global banks finance fossil fuel activities. It provides a consistent framework to review lending and underwriting linked to fossil fuels and expansion, supporting year-on-year comparison and broader analysis of banking practices.

The Endowment Impact Benchmark is a benchmark series that provides a structured assessment and benchmarking framework for endowments and foundations. It evaluates policies, governance, management and transparency related to sustainable and impact investing, enabling consistent comparison and ongoing progress tracking across participating institutions.

The COP Net Zero Atlas is an annual research series examining transition and physical climate risks across major economies. It provides a structured framework to assess national climate commitments, policy pathways and exposure to climate hazards, supporting comparative analysis for investors and policymakers.

The State of the Global Climate is an annual benchmark series produced by the World Meteorological Organization that synthesises authoritative observations across the climate system, including the atmosphere, oceans and cryosphere, to provide a consistent, comparable evidence base for global climate monitoring, policy analysis and long-term assessment.

This study compares ESG ratings with SDG scores across major providers. It finds little correlation. SDG scores align with investor exclusions and EU Taxonomy assessments, while ESG ratings largely measure financial risk exposure, not real-world environmental or social impacts.

This article explores the fiduciary duty of even-handedness and its implications for climate-aware pension fund investing, focusing on emerging legal challenges in Australia and Canada. It argues that unmanaged climate risk may breach trustees’ obligations to act equitably across generations, particularly where younger members bear disproportionate long-term harm.

This article introduces systems thinking and explains how it is reshaping sustainable and impact finance by addressing interconnected systemic risks like climate change and inequality. It outlines four emerging applications; from systemic risk management to systems-informed stewardship, highlighting the implications for investors’ roles, tools, and decision-making.

This UK national security assessment finds global biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse pose high risks to food security, economic stability and geopolitics. Degradation is widespread, with potential ecosystem collapse from 2030–2050, intensifying migration, conflict, supply chain disruption and strategic competition without decisive intervention.

The report argues that behavioural public policy has over-emphasised individual-level (“i-frame”) solutions, often aligning with corporate interests and weakening systemic reform. It contends that structural (“s-frame”) interventions, alongside institutional changes in research and policy design, are necessary to address entrenched social and economic problems effectively.

This benchmark series provides a recurring, standardised overview of global climate conditions, produced using consistent observational and reanalysis datasets. It tracks changes across key climate indicators to support comparability over time and inform assessment of longer-term climate trends within a recognised reference framework.

LobbyMap is an online database that analyses corporate and trade association lobbying on climate and energy policy. It compares stated public positions with lobbying activities to assess alignment, consistency, and potential risks for investors and financial decision-making.

European Accounting Association (EAA) is an international academic association supporting accounting research, education and knowledge exchange. EAA organises annual congresses, doctoral workshops and specialist events, publishes leading accounting journals, and connects researchers, educators and institutions across Europe and globally, with focus on academic collaboration, standards debate and professional development activities.

This literature review assesses evidence on how delayed, failed or uneven climate transitions affect UK and global financial stability. It finds intensifying physical and transition risks, potential mispricing and spillovers, and significant uncertainty, highlighting EMDE transitions as central to managing systemic financial risk.

This white paper analyses how climate change and nature loss are widening insurance protection gaps in advanced economies. It outlines impacts on affordability and coverage, and recommends combining climate mitigation, nature-based solutions, and regulatory reforms to strengthen resilience and maintain insurability.