Library | Sustainable Finance Practices

Impact measurement and verification

Approaches for defining, measuring, monitoring, and verifying the environmental, social, and financial impacts of investments using metrics, indicators, and verification standards.

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Forest Carbon and Climate Program (Michigan State University)

Academic Institutions
Forest Carbon and Climate Program (FCCP) at Michigan State University advances research, education and professional training on forest carbon, climate change and sustainable forest management.
FCCP delivers courses, events and applied insights supporting climate-smart forestry, carbon markets and land-use decision-making worldwide.
Organisation
1 research item

Wales' wellbeing economy journey

Centre for Policy Development (CPD)
This case study details the 15-year policy journey in Wales to embed sustainable development into government functions, starting with the Government of Wales Act 1998. Developed legislation along the way established clear accountability mechanisms, including the Future Generations Commissioner, to ensure public bodies actively contribute to seven defined wellbeing goals.
Case study
27 August 2022

Footprint data foundation

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Footprint Data Foundation (FoDaFo) is a not-for-profit organisation that governs the National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts. It ensures ecological footprint data are accurate, transparent and independent, supporting researchers, policymakers and sustainability practitioners with robust environmental accounting used globally.
Organisation
1 research item

Global landscape of climate finance series

Climate Policy Initiative
Global Landscape of Climate Finance is a recurring benchmark series produced by Climate Policy Initiative that provides a consistent overview of global climate finance flows. It examines sources, instruments, uses, and geographic distribution of finance to track progress and comparability across years.
Benchmark/series
27 August 2025

UNSW Centre for Social Impact

Academic Institutions
UNSW Centre for Social Impact (UNSW CSI) is a research and education centre focused on social impact, impact measurement, social investment and purpose-driven leadership. Based at UNSW Business School, it works with government, business, philanthropy and civil society to support evidence-based social and environmental outcomes.
Organisation
1 research item

Measuring companies’ environmental and social impacts: An analysis of ESG ratings and SDG scores

This study compares ESG ratings with SDG scores across major providers. It finds little correlation. SDG scores align with investor exclusions and EU Taxonomy assessments, while ESG ratings largely measure financial risk exposure, not real-world environmental or social impacts.
Research
4 April 2025

RETScreen

Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)
RETScreen is a clean energy management software developed by Natural Resources Canada to assess renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. It supports feasibility analysis, financial evaluation, energy performance tracking and greenhouse gas emissions analysis using integrated global climate, cost and benchmark datasets.
Online tool/database

CGAP's Impact Path Finder

Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP)
Impact Pathfinder is an interactive evidence platform developed by CGAP that maps how financial inclusion interventions contribute to development outcomes. It synthesises global research to inform investors, funders and policymakers on effective pathways, contextual factors and evidence gaps.
Online tool/database

Upright Net Impact Model

Upright Project
Upright Platform offers impact-based ESG analytics that quantify companies’ positive and negative effects across environmental, social and economic dimensions. The S&P 500 ESG preset enables benchmarking of index constituents using monetised impact data to support portfolio analysis and comparability.
Online tool/database

Upright Project

Commercial Research Providers
Upright Project is a Finland-based impact data company quantifying the net impact of businesses on society, environment, knowledge and health. It provides science-based ESG and impact analytics, company scores and datasets used by investors, financial institutions and corporates to inform sustainable investment and decision-making across global markets and portfolios worldwide.
Organisation
1 research item

Impact Thinking Canvas

Valuing Impact
The Impact Thinking Canva is a simple, printable framework to structure impact valuation projects, helping organisations define objectives, map impact pathways, identify key data needs and align stakeholders early in the process. It guides impact measurement and data collection at the start of an impact valuation exercise.
Online tool/database

Restor

Issue Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Restor is an open-access digital platform supporting ecosystem restoration and biodiversity monitoring worldwide. It integrates spatial data, science-based tools, and community networks to track restoration progress, assess ecological impact, and inform decision-making for practitioners, researchers, investors, and policymakers involved in nature and biodiversity outcomes across terrestrial and marine landscapes globally.
Organisation
1 research item

Valuing Impact

Commercial Research Providers
Valuing Impact is an impact measurement and valuation consultancy supporting businesses, investors and organisations to understand social and environmental outcomes. It develops practical impact valuation frameworks, tools and research to inform sustainability strategy, ESG decision-making, impact reporting and responsible investment practices across sectors.
Organisation
1 research item

GIIN Benchmarks

Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN)
The IRIS+ Benchmarks tool by the Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN) enables users to compare impact performance across sectors, themes and regions using standardised IRIS+ metrics. It supports performance benchmarking through aggregated data visualisations rather than providing access to raw datasets.
Online tool/database

Impaakt

Commercial Research Providers
Impaakt is a Swiss-based ESG and impact data platform that uses stakeholder-powered, collective intelligence to assess companies’ social and environmental impact. It offers sustainability reporting, impact data, and materiality assessments for investors and corporates to improve transparency and avoid greenwashing.
Organisation
1 research item

Adaptation and resilience impact measurement toolkit : A practical framework for financial institutions

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
Provides a practical framework for financial institutions to measure climate adaptation and resilience impacts. It sets principles, indicators and decision pathways across banks, insurers, DFIs and asset managers, linking outputs, outcomes and impacts to capital allocation, risk management, compliance and reporting.
Research
12 December 2025
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