Library | ESG issues
Agriculture, Forestry & Other Land Use
Land use for agriculture, forestry, and related activities plays a critical role in food security, biodiversity, and climate impact. As a major contributor to global emissions, land use faces challenges such as resource depletion, waste, and chemical overuse, which threaten ecosystems and long-term productivity. Sustainable practices are essential for maintaining soil health, ensuring food supply, preserving forests, and supporting farmers and rural communities. Effective land management can mitigate environmental and social risks while creating opportunities for innovation and long-term economic stability.
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The accountability framework operational guidance series
The Accountability Framework Operational Guidance series provides practical guidance for companies on implementing responsible agricultural and forestry supply chains. The series covers environmental protection, human rights, workers’ rights, Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ rights, supply chain management, reporting, remediation, and compliance with voluntary commitments and applicable law.
Business models and investments for nature: Full report, 2nd edition
This report by the EU Business & Biodiversity Platform presents ten existing finance practices for investing in nature across sectors including forestry, regenerative agriculture, green infrastructure, and urban ecosystems. It explores how financial instruments such as green bonds, blended finance, and sustainability-linked loans can be structured, scaled, and replicated to help close the biodiversity finance gap.
Assessing the resilience of global grain supplies to compound climatic and non-climatic shocks
This research evaluates the resilience of global grain supplies to compounding climatic and non-climatic shocks. Using a bilateral trade model for 177 countries, it demonstrates that energy price spikes and extreme weather severely disrupt food systems, highlighting the need for strategic stockpiling and diversified trade agreements to ensure food security.
The thematic assessment report on the interlinkages among biodiversity, water, food and health
IPBES assesses links between biodiversity, water, food, health and climate, finding siloed decisions worsen trade-offs. It identifies integrated governance, sustainable consumption, ecosystem restoration and finance reform as response options to support more just and sustainable outcomes.
Knowledge Centre for Bioeconomy
The Knowledge Centre for Bioeconomy is a European Commission platform providing curated data, tools and analysis to support evidence-based policymaking. It consolidates research, indicators and policy information on biomass-based sectors, enabling stakeholders to monitor developments and assess the sustainability and economic impacts of the EU bioeconomy.
NatureFinance: Resources & Tools
NatureFinance’s Resources & Tools hub provides a curated collection of reports, briefs and analytical tools focused on mobilising finance for nature-positive outcomes. It covers topics such as bioeconomy development, nature markets and innovative financing structures, supporting investors and policymakers in integrating nature-related considerations into financial decision-making.
Forever wild series
This series outlines the Forever Wild Initiative’s approach to financing and managing large-scale wilderness landscapes through blended capital models, community co-design, and nature-based enterprises. It documents the development of equitable nature finance structures that integrate conservation, economic activity, and social outcomes across landscapes.
Nature markets: Overarching principles and framework: Specification version 2
Sets out overarching principles and framework for high-integrity UK nature markets, covering credit generation, trading and storage. Emphasises transparency, additionality, governance, verification and registries to ensure credible environmental outcomes, prevent greenwashing, and support investment in nature recovery.
Global literature review and survey of implementation constraints on natural climate solutions
Global review and project survey of natural climate solutions across 137 countries finds implementation is constrained mainly by social-behavioural, knowledge, and government or organisational barriers, especially weak policy coordination and implementation capacity. Without targeted enabling measures, near-term mitigation will remain below biophysical potential.
Climate-nature scenario development for financial risk assessment
This report develops integrated climate-nature scenarios for financial risk assessment, showing that combined climate and nature policies provide a fuller view of agricultural, biodiversity and ecosystem-service risks than separate approaches, with implications for central banks, supervisors and future stress-testing frameworks.
Regulating finance for biodiversity: An assessment for the global biodiversity framework
This report assesses how financial regulation in Indonesia, Brazil, China, the EU and the US aligns with Global Biodiversity Framework targets, finding biodiversity integration generally weak and recommending stronger disclosure, due diligence, taxonomies, sanctions and sector-specific rules to redirect finance away from forest-risk activities.
100 million farmers: Breakthrough models for financing a sustainability transition
Report proposes financing and collaboration models to accelerate adoption of regenerative agriculture. It identifies economic, technical and social barriers farmers face and outlines coordinated mechanisms—combining ecosystem-service monetisation, blended capital and multi-actor partnerships—to scale sustainable food production and support farmers’ transition.
Wageningen University & Research (WUR)
Wageningen University & Research (WUR) is a leading Dutch academic institution focused on sustainable food systems, climate change, biodiversity, agriculture and environmental science.
It combines university education with applied and fundamental research to address global challenges in nutrition, health, water and circular bioeconomy. WUR partners with industry and governments worldwide.
It combines university education with applied and fundamental research to address global challenges in nutrition, health, water and circular bioeconomy. WUR partners with industry and governments worldwide.
Forest Carbon and Climate Program (Michigan State University)
Forest Carbon and Climate Program (FCCP) at Michigan State University advances research, education and professional training on forest carbon, climate change and sustainable forest management.
FCCP delivers courses, events and applied insights supporting climate-smart forestry, carbon markets and land-use decision-making worldwide.
FCCP delivers courses, events and applied insights supporting climate-smart forestry, carbon markets and land-use decision-making worldwide.
We can’t ignore the largest source of methane
This article argues the global food system is the largest source of human-caused methane and deserves far more policy and funding attention. It maps key emission “hot spots”—ruminant livestock, food waste in landfills, biomass burning, and flooded rice fields—and outlines practical mitigation options from dietary shifts to landfill capture and improved rice management.
TuK Indonesia
Transformasi untuk Keadilan Indonesia (TuK INDONESIA) is an Indonesian non-governmental organisation based in Jakarta advocating human rights, social justice and environmental accountability in agribusiness, natural resources and finance sectors. It conducts research, campaigns and advocacy to promote sustainable finance, corporate accountability and protection of vulnerable communities.
