Library | ESG issues
Buildings & Infrastructure
Buildings and infrastructure include physical structures and systems such as commercial buildings, roads, and energy networks. Sustainable infrastructure focuses on optimising and retrofitting existing assets while developing new ones that integrate environmental stewardship, social equity, and sustainable design. Investing in infrastructure can support sustainable development and ensure that all people have access to safe, affordable, reliable, and high-quality infrastructure.
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GRI risk viewer
The Global Resilience Index (GRI) Risk Viewer provides global‑scale risk metrics across hazard, exposure and vulnerability to assess risks to people, planet and prosperity via open, publicly available datasets.
Mobilising institutional capital towards the SDGs and a Just Transition
This report outlines pathways for mobilising institutional capital towards the Sustainable Development Goals and a Just Transition. It focuses on investment vehicles, emerging markets, and private asset classes, providing practical recommendations, case studies, and frameworks to integrate environmental, social, and community considerations into scalable, impactful financial strategies.
Interpreting the corporate standard for U.S. public sector organizations
This guide interprets the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard for U.S. public sector organisations. It provides standardised methods for accounting and reporting greenhouse gas emissions, supports inventory quality, and addresses public sector-specific scenarios such as leased assets, joint operations, and regulatory compliance.
ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability
ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) is a global network of 2,500+ cities, towns and regions across 125+ countries. It supports local governments with technical assistance, peer exchange and tools to accelerate climate action, sustainable urban development, biodiversity protection and resilient, equitable and circular outcomes.
Guidelines for quantifying GHG reductions from grid-connected electricity projects
These guidelines provide a standardised, policy-neutral framework for quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from grid-connected electricity projects. They cover both generation and electricity reduction activities, using simplified methods to estimate baseline emissions and avoided emissions. Intended for project developers and programme designers, the guidelines emphasise accuracy, transparency, and conservativeness.
Estimating and reporting the comparative emissions impacts of products
This report outlines a neutral framework for estimating and reporting the greenhouse gas impacts of products, both positive and negative. It advocates the use of consequential methods for decision-making, highlights methodological challenges in attributional approaches, and recommends transparency and completeness in emissions assessments and corporate reporting.
Policy and action standard: An accounting and reporting standard for estimating the greenhouse gas effects of policies and actions
The Policy and Action Standard provides a consistent framework for estimating and reporting the greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts of policies and actions. It outlines methods for ex-ante and ex-post assessments, defines principles of GHG accounting, and offers guidance on defining policy boundaries, estimating baseline emissions, and assessing uncertainty to support transparent, accurate decision-making.
Mitigation goal standard: An accounting and reporting standard for national and subnational greenhouse gas reduction goals
This report outlines a standardised framework for governments to design, assess, and report on greenhouse gas mitigation goals. It defines principles, methodologies, and accounting requirements to support consistent and transparent emissions tracking and goal evaluation at national and subnational levels.
Global protocol for community-scale greenhouse gas inventories: An accounting and reporting standard for cities version 1.1
The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Version 1.1) provides a standardised framework for cities to measure and report greenhouse gas emissions. It enables consistent, transparent accounting across six sectors, including energy, transport, and waste, supporting emissions tracking, target setting, and aggregation with national inventories.
The greenhouse gas protocol: A corporate accounting and reporting standard
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard provides a framework for businesses to quantify and report greenhouse gas emissions. It establishes standardised accounting principles, categorises emissions by scope, and offers guidance for setting organisational and operational boundaries. The Standard promotes transparency, consistency, and comparability in corporate GHG inventories.
Nature positive: Leaders’ insights for the transition in cities
The report outlines strategies and case studies from global cities integrating nature into urban development to address climate and biodiversity challenges. It highlights the importance of public-private collaboration, compact planning, and nature-based infrastructure in fostering resilient, sustainable, and equitable cities. Solutions are scalable and grounded in real-world examples.
Addressing biodiversity risk and opportunity at PensionDanmark
PensionDanmark developed a biodiversity strategy targeting its real estate and infrastructure assets to mitigate nature loss. It employs data-led initiatives, stakeholder engagement, and nature-based solutions to protect and restore biodiversity, aligning with EU taxonomy and Science Based Targets for Nature. Implementation includes construction screening, sustainable sourcing, and performance monitoring.
International Council on Mining and Metals
The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) is a global leadership organisation dedicated to enhancing the mining and metals industry's contribution to sustainable development. ICMM brings together a third of the global industry, promoting ethical business practices, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility. Members commit to stringent Mining Principles, aiming for a safe, just, and sustainable world enabled by responsibly produced minerals and metals.
Australian Impact Investments (Aii)
Australian Impact Investments (Aii) is a specialist asset consulting firm dedicated to mobilising capital for positive social and environmental impact alongside financial returns. Established in 2014, Aii collaborates with charitable trusts, foundations, family offices, wealth advisors, and institutions, offering bespoke impact strategies, rigorous investment analysis, and comprehensive portfolio management. With a focus on responsible investing, Aii assists clients at every stage of their impact journey.
Conservation investment blueprint: Environmental impact bond for green infrastructure - coastal resilience
This case study outlines the Environmental Impact Bond (EIB) model for funding coastal resilience projects. It focuses on Louisiana’s wetland restoration to mitigate storm damage and land loss. The EIB attracts private investment, enabling earlier project implementation, cost savings, and ecological benefits. It aligns financial incentives with conservation goals through performance-based returns.
Conservation investment blueprint: Environmental impact bond for green infrastructure
This blueprint details the application of Environmental Impact Bonds (EIBs) to finance green infrastructure projects. It illustrates how EIBs can be used to attract private investment to public infrastructure projects that offer significant environmental benefits, such as enhanced stormwater management and increased urban resilience. The document provides a framework for structuring these bonds to ensure both financial returns and positive environmental outcomes.