Library | ESG issues

Climate Change

Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.

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Framing and language for effective climate conversations

Finance relevance: Broader finance community
Expert guide
11 June 2024
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Maximising Australia’s green growth: Leveraging trade and aid policy to drive Australia’s green exports agenda

Australian Sustainable Finance Institute (ASFI)
The report assesses risks to Australia’s fossil fuel exports and outlines how aligned trade, aid and climate finance policies can build demand for green exports. It proposes sustainable growth partnerships in the Indo-Pacific to secure markets, attract investment and support regional decarbonisation.
Research
5 January 2025

3D investing: Implications for net zero

CFA Institute Research & Policy Centre
The report evaluates 3D investing, extending mean–variance optimisation to include sustainability. It shows how integrating forward-looking climate metrics enables portfolios to balance risk, return, and decarbonisation, supporting alignment with Paris-aligned net-zero pathways under realistic investment constraints.
Research
8 November 2024

CSRD: A guide to the physical risk requirements

Climate X
This guide explains Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive physical risk requirements, detailing scope, timelines and ESRS E1 disclosures. It outlines how organisations must identify, assess and report climate-related physical risks, financial impacts and adaptation actions, with a focused application to real estate portfolios.
Research
17 July 2024

Moving forward imagining a sustainable transport system

New Economics Foundation
The report outlines a universal basic services approach to UK transport, highlighting inequitable access, high emissions, and car dependence. It assesses current government reforms and recommends long-term, publicly oriented investment to expand affordable, integrated, low-carbon mobility, prioritising public transport and active travel within environmental limits.
Research
18 December 2024

Public Library of Science (PLOS)

Scientific Bodies
PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a non-profit open access scientific publisher dedicated to advancing open science and accessible research publishing. It publishes peer-reviewed open access journals spanning life, health, sustainability and technology research, enabling free online access to scientific findings globally.
Organisation

Climate X

Commercial Research Providers
Climate X is a climate risk analytics company providing asset-level physical climate risk data and scenario analysis. It supports financial institutions, insurers and corporates with decision-making, stress testing and regulatory alignment using proprietary climate models and geospatial intelligence.
Organisation
1 research item

Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD)

Government Sponsored / Multilateral Organisations
Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) is a French agricultural research and international cooperation organisation focused on sustainable development in tropical and Mediterranean regions. It builds scientific knowledge, supports resilient farming systems, and fosters sustainability in food systems, biodiversity and climate adaptation worldwide.
Organisation
1 research item

Sustainable Finance Roundup December 2025: Nature, Regulation, and the Hardening of Risk

This month’s sustainable finance roundup traces the shift from ambition to enforcement, as climate and nature risks become financial, regulatory and legal realities. It covers Australia’s environmental law reforms, the embedding of climate and nature risk through prudential supervision, disclosure and shareholder pressure, and insurer warnings on the limits of insurability. It also highlights how markets are responding to deforestation and biodiversity risk, and how litigation and regulation are reshaping governance and long-term financial resilience.
Article
29 December 2025

Climate finance for low carbon transport: Developing effective transport financing mechanisms for Asia and the Pacific

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
This ESCAP policy brief examines climate finance options for scaling low-carbon transport in Asia–Pacific. It assesses funding gaps, barriers, and mechanisms—including subsidies, carbon pricing, green bonds, PPPs, and international finance—and recommends policy alignment, capacity building, investor matching, and diversified financing to accelerate investment.
Research
12 March 2024

Investing in tomorrow: A guide to building climate-resilient investment portfolios

Investment Leaders Group
This guide outlines how investors can integrate physical climate risks into listed equity and debt portfolios, strengthen portfolio resilience, and mobilise capital for adaptation through asset allocation, due diligence, engagement, and collaboration across policy, finance and the real economy.
Research
15 January 2025

Theorising unconventional climate advocates and their relationship to the environmental movement

This study theorises “unconventional climate advocates” and analyses their position within Australia’s environmental movement using social network analysis. It finds these advocates are peripheral yet potentially effective in engaging climate-hesitant constituencies by operating independently from conventional environmentalists.
Research
6 February 2025

Community estimate of global glacier mass changes from 2000 to 2023

This report analyses global glacier mass changes from 2000 to 2023. It identifies an annual loss of 273 gigatonnes, which accelerated by 36% in the period's latter half. Globally, glaciers shed approximately 5% of their volume, significantly exceeding losses from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
Research
19 February 2025

Combined climate stress testing of supply-chain networks and the financial system with nation-wide firm-level emission estimates

This study utilises comprehensive Hungarian firm-level data to stress-test the economy and banking system against carbon pricing shocks. While direct impacts at €45/t appear minimal, supply chain contagion significantly amplifies losses, potentially by 4000% if essential inputs cannot be substituted. This highlights critical risks in systemic supply network dependencies.
Research
30 January 2025

Tackling the transformation: The challenges of operationalizing corporate sustainability goals and how to overcome them

ERM SustainAbility Institute
ERM’s Transformation Survey analyses global corporate progress in operationalising sustainability goals. It finds stronger performance on social issues than climate or nature, identifies weak sustainability-linked incentives as the main barrier, and highlights underinvestment in training, incentives, and ESG data systems.
Research
13 February 2024

Corporate sustainability reporting

This conceptual paper examines corporate sustainability reporting, distinguishing investor-focused sustainability-related financial disclosure from broader impact reporting. It argues investor interests are imperfectly aligned with societal goals and concludes that complementary financial and impact reporting standards are needed to support accountability, capital allocation and sustainability transition.
Research
23 January 2025

Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action

Using a survey of 130,000 people across 125 countries, the study finds strong global support for climate action, but widespread underestimation of others’ willingness to act. This perception gap may hinder cooperation; correcting it could materially strengthen climate action.
Research
9 February 2024
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