Library | ESG issues
Climate Change
Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.
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ClimateDeck
ClimateDeck is a data platform by Rhodium Group providing global clean energy investment tracking, greenhouse gas emissions inventories, and energy market forecasts to support climate risk analysis.
Net Zero Glossary
The Net Zero Glossary, developed by The Chancery Lane Project, provides standardised definitions for climate-aligned legal drafting. It helps finance and legal professionals ensure that contractual language accurately reflects decarbonisation commitments and net zero targets across international jurisdictions.
Coastal Risk Finder
Coastal Risk Finder is an interactive mapping tool by Climate Central that provides localized sea level rise and flood risk projections. It helps users assess geographic vulnerability and population exposure through 2100.
Nature as infrastructure: Recommendations to strengthen landscapes for climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction in Australia
This paper advocates for scaling natural infrastructure to mitigate Australia's escalating climate disaster costs. It demonstrates that every dollar invested in natural capital returns approximately nine dollars in benefits. Key recommendations include empowering First Nations stewardship, integrating natural values into financial decision-making, and securing multi-year funding for regional aggregators.
Global climate investing survey series
Robeco’s Global Climate Investing Survey is an annual research series examining institutional and wholesale investors’ approaches to climate change and sustainable investing. It explores climate-related risks and opportunities, net-zero commitments, portfolio decarbonisation, investment strategies, active ownership and climate transition finance, alongside evolving regulatory and market conditions.
The Education Loss and Damage Assessment (ELDA) Framework: Evaluating the impacts of climate change on education
This report introduces the Education Loss and Damage Assessment (ELDA) framework to evaluate climate impacts on education. Between 2005 and 2024, disruptions affected 130 million children, causing $1.3 billion in damage. The framework assesses access, experience, and outcomes to help governments and donors improve cross-sectoral coordination and response evidence.
More critical than ever: Strengthening growth and resilience through the multilateral development banks
This report examines the critical role of Multilateral Development Banks in driving growth and resilience. It highlights challenges from declining official aid and geopolitical fragmentation, while proposing reforms to scale financing, accelerate project delivery, and target concessional resources toward the world’s poorest and most vulnerable nations.
Too hot to work? How rising heat affects companies, productivity and economic output
This MSCI research explores the economic impact of rising temperatures on labour productivity. It estimates global annual losses of USD 3.9 trillion under current conditions, potentially reaching 3.3% of global GDP. Asia-Pacific and the real estate sector face the highest risks, while company adaptation remains inconsistent across global markets.
Investing in a climate resilient Australia: The role of the Australian Sustainable Finance Taxonomy
This report explores expanding the Australian Sustainable Finance Taxonomy to include climate adaptation and resilience. It outlines the economic necessity of strategic investment to mitigate rising climate costs and provides detailed use cases for financial institutions, corporates, and government to mobilise private capital and enhance Australia's economic stability.
Artificial intelligence and climate change: balancing innovation and sustainability
This report examines the interaction between artificial intelligence and climate change, highlighting potential for mitigation and adaptation alongside significant environmental costs. It explores two technological trajectories—AI copilot and artificial general intelligence—while discussing implications for central banks regarding productivity, inflation, financial stability, and emerging global policy frameworks.
National development banks: Policy integration for climate
This research analyses the integration of national development banks (NDBs) into climate policies across 103 economies. It highlights that only 17.5% of countries explicitly reference NDBs in climate commitments. The report provides recommendations for governments and NDB leadership to strengthen institutional alignment and improve climate finance effectiveness.
Global warming and the National Cattlemen’s Association 1986–1996
This research examines the National Cattlemen’s Association’s response to global warming evidence between 1986 and 1996. The organisation prioritised strategic communications and public relations over production changes to mitigate methane emissions. By reframing scientific findings and challenging critics, the NCA aimed to protect beef demand and industry interests.
Intergenerational report 2026: Australia’s future to 2066
The 2026 Intergenerational Report examines Australia's economic and fiscal trajectory to 2066. It identifies five major transitions: the AI revolution, geopolitical fragmentation, energy transition, population ageing, and industrial transformation. Projections include 2% average annual GDP growth and a long-term total fertility rate of 1.34.
Unlocking finance for nature-based solutions (NbS) in Indian cities: Learnings and insights from case studies
This report examines nine Indian nature-based solutions (NbS) case studies to evaluate financing mechanisms and institutional frameworks. It highlights the importance of reducing technical risk through feasibility studies, aligning with national policies, and sequencing capital to support project scalability and long-term sustainability in urban environments.
Integrating climate into corporate finance: Global evidence on internal carbon pricing
This report analyses the determinants and effectiveness of internal carbon pricing (ICP) globally. It finds that smaller boards and science-based targets drive higher pricing. While ICP adoption reduces short-term profitability due to capital reallocation, it successfully slows emission growth, even as absolute emissions remain linked to production.
Who bears the transition risk? Uneven climate risk assessment of SMEs across German banking groups
This report examines how German banks assess climate transition risks, specifically for SMEs. It finds that private banks significantly increased risk weights for carbon-intensive firms after 2018, while cooperative and savings banks did not. The reliance on sector-level metrics suggests potential loan mispricing and systemic risks within regional banking groups.
