Library | ESG issues

Climate Change

Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.

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Superannuation fund trustee duties and climate change risk

Equity Generation Lawyers
This report analyses the duties of trustee directors in relation to climate change risk under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993. It concludes that climate change risk should be considered by trustee directors to the extent that risks intersect with beneficiaries' financial interests. Trustees should weigh relevant information and keep records documenting the decision-making process.
Research
15 June 2017

Environmental beta or how institutional investors think about climate change and fossil fuel risk

American Association of Geographers
This report examines how institutional investors think about climate change and fossil fuel risk. It finds that investors consider these issues subjectively and are primarily concerned with short-term investment horizons. The report argues that understanding investor perspectives is crucial for enhanced mechanisms both to mitigate GHG emissions and minimise climate change-related financial instability.
Research
27 February 2019

Sustainable investing capabilities of private banks

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)
This report presents the findings of research into the sustainable investing capabilities of private banks, including governance, sustainability risk, and client interactions. The report notes progress among leading banks but highlights the need for continuing education for client advisors and improved ESG and impact reporting and monitoring capabilities.
Research
26 May 2022

The hidden risk in state pensions: Analysing state pensions’ responses to the climate crisis in proxy voting

Stand.earth
This report analyses the proxy voting strategies of 19 state pensions, as well as the five New York City Comptroller systems, managing over US$2 trillion in assets. Results reveal that most pensions failed to address climate-related financial risk, especially in areas such as lobbying, environmental justice, and Indigenous rights.
Research
24 January 2024

The global GHG accounting and reporting standard for the financial industry series

Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials
Standardised methodologies for financial institutions to measure and disclose financed GHG emissions across ten asset classes under scope 3 category 15.
Benchmark/series
1 December 2025

Climate governance study 2024: Moving from vision to action

Australian Institute of Company Directors
This study reveals that Australian directors increasingly prioritise climate change as a material governance issue. However, stakeholders are pulling in a variety of directions, making it challenging for organisations to execute their climate strategies. Policy uncertainty poses the most significant obstacle for climate governance, although the implementation of mandatory climate reporting from July 2025 presents an opportunity for greater accountability.
Research
5 March 2024

Towards financing large-scale holistic landscape restoration in Europe: Recommendations for EU policy actors to attain inspirational, social, natural and financial returns

Commonland
The report provides financing recommendations for large-scale holistic landscape restoration in Europe, addressing climate change, biodiversity loss, and food and water insecurity. It emphasises the effectiveness of landscape finance in promoting healthy ecosystems, offering practical frameworks for policymakers to accelerate impactful activities and align natural and community needs for comprehensive restoration.
Research
30 November 2023

Global tipping points

Global Systems Institute (University of Exeter)
The 2023 report explores ways to prevent potentially irreversible changes to the Earth's natural systems and recommends coordinated global action and governance. It also highlights positive tipping points in technology, economics, and society that can aid a sustainable future.
Research
5 December 2023

UN Environment Programme's adaptation gap report series

United Nations Environment Programme
The Adaptation Gap Report series provides yearly updates on global progress in climate change adaptation. It assesses the status of adaptation planning, implementation, and finance, highlighting the increasing gap between the need for adaptation and the actions taken.
Benchmark/series
10 November 2023

Adaptation, loss and damage: A global climate impact fund for climate justice

Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)
This report delves into climate justice amid anthropogenic climate change, advocating for a pilot Global Climate Impact Fund (GCIF). The fund aims to distribute the financial responsibility for the climate change transition based on attribution and contribution studies, employing standardised criteria. The report emphasises prioritising long-term resilience and sustainable development pathways.
Research
27 November 2023

Financing the corporate climate transition with bonds: A step-by-step guide to issuing a corporate bond to finance the climate transition

Climate Bonds Initiative
This report is a step-by-step guide to help corporations issue bonds to finance the transition to a climate-friendly economy. It covers key financing terms, the issuance process, and reporting requirements.
Research
15 November 2023

Reimagining country investing: A guide to capturing opportunities, managing risks and integrating sustainable-investment objectives

MSCI Inc.
The paper offers insights for global investors on the benefits of constructing a diversified portfolio with country and regional-market allocation. The paper analyses variables such as GDP growth, innovation, thematic and geographic-revenue exposure and macroeconomic risks, while highlighting the role of sustainable finance in the process.
Research
30 January 2024

Deconstructing ESG ratings performance: Risk and return for E, S and G by time horizon, sector, and weighting

MSCI Inc.
This article evaluates the relevance of key environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues and the importance of their pillars regarding risk and return using a comprehensive analysis of market performance. It additionally compares the weighting and performance of each pillar and key ESG issues.
Research
8 January 2021

Climate contract playbook: Edition 2

Chancery Lane Project
This report presents a playbook of precedent clauses designed to address climate change risks and opportunities across different sectors and financing scenarios. The clauses, drafted by Hogan Lovells lawyers from over 60 jurisdictions, can be used in corporate and finance agreements to help achieve the Net Zero targets of the UK Government and others.
Research
30 June 2020

Building capacity for the Paris Agreement's Enhanced Transparency Framework: What can we learn from countries' experiences and UNFCCC processes?

World Resources Institute
This report outlines the necessity of capacity building to enhance transparency in the Paris Agreement. The report uses 13 case studies to highlight challenges in implementing transparency requirements and six lessons for effective capacity building. International initiatives and support programs are discussed to inform the construction of transparent and sustainable climate governance.
Research
26 March 2019

RIAA's benchmarking impact investing series

Responsible Investment Association Australasia (RIAA)
This is a series of benchmark reports providing comprehensive insights into the impact investing market in Australia. It covers investor motivations, market size, and performance metrics, aiding stakeholders in understanding and enhancing their impact investment strategies.
Benchmark/series
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