Library | ESG issues

Climate Change

Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.

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Stocktake of financial authorities’ experience in including physical and transition climate risks as part of their financial stability monitoring

Financial Stability Board (FSB)
This report examines the extent to which financial authorities consider climate-related risks in their financial stability monitoring and contains information on the channels that the authorities use to manage the risks and the quantification of climate-related risks to financial stability.
Research
22 July 2020

Breaking the plastic wave: A comprehensive assessment of pathways towards stopping ocean plastic pollution

Systemiq
This report highlights innovative solutions and strategies that can reduce plastic pollution by 80% by transforming how plastic is produced, used, and managed. The report uses thorough analysis to identify specific opportunities for various stakeholders - from policymakers to businesses and consumers - to curb plastic waste and achieve measurable results.
Research
28 October 2020

Full disclosure: Improving corporate reporting on climate risk

Investor Group on Climate Change
This report summarises how investors utilize corporate reporting to manage climate-related financial risks, identify opportunities, and set strategies for transitioning to net-zero emissions. The report contains investors' expectations from climate reports, insights on scenario analysis, and recommendations for improving corporate disclosure on climate risks.
Research
19 August 2020

Deforestation tools assessment and gap analysis: How investors can manage deforestation risk

Hindsight Consultancy
This report explores investor deforestation initiatives. It assesses existing tools and datasets, identifies gaps, and offers recommendations. The report highlights the importance of managing deforestation risk while acknowledging the complexity of supply chains and information gaps.
Research
13 August 2020

Sustainability bond framework

Ministry of Finance (Government of Luxembourg)
This sustainability bond framework was published to finance expenditures supporting green and social categories compliant with eligibility criteria. The framework adheres to the highest standards of environmental and social impact reporting.
Research
31 August 2020

Field guide to impact investing: For Australian charitable trusts and foundations

Impact Investing Hub
This is a comprehensive resource to help organisations make sustainable impact investing decisions. Covering everything from impact measurement to legal structuring, this guide contains expert insights and is designed to be an essential tool for the industry.
Research
4 October 2023

Failure by design: Is the net zero asset managers initiative broken?

Danu Insight
This initiative was designed to align asset managers' portfolios with net-zero targets. However, their methodology lacks standardisation and rigour, leading to ambiguous targets and little progress towards net zero. An overhaul of the initiative is needed to ensure asset managers are held accountable.
Research
3 October 2022

The purpose action gap: The business imperative of ESG

Jefferies
This report examines the gap between what consumers and brands believe and how they act when it comes to purpose and sustainability. Based on studies of 2,500 consumers and interviews with 125 large consumer companies, the report offers valuable insights for businesses looking to meet consumer and investor expectations.
Research
12 August 2021

Superannuation fund trustee duties and climate change - updated memorandum of opinion 2021

Equity Generation Lawyers
This is an updated memorandum of opinion with the last one given in 2017. The report looks at recent regulatory and industry statements and develops a two-step approach superannuation trustees should take to remain compliant with their regulatory obligations. Trustees must understand the risk posed by climate change to investments and manage any identified risks.
Research
16 February 2021

Superannuation fund trustee duties and climate change risk

Equity Generation Lawyers
This report analyses the duties of trustee directors in relation to climate change risk under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993. It concludes that climate change risk should be considered by trustee directors to the extent that risks intersect with beneficiaries' financial interests. Trustees should weigh relevant information and keep records documenting the decision-making process.
Research
15 June 2017

Environmental beta or how institutional investors think about climate change and fossil fuel risk

American Association of Geographers
This report examines how institutional investors think about climate change and fossil fuel risk. It finds that investors consider these issues subjectively and are primarily concerned with short-term investment horizons. The report argues that understanding investor perspectives is crucial for enhanced mechanisms both to mitigate GHG emissions and minimise climate change-related financial instability.
Research
27 February 2019

Sustainable investing capabilities of private banks

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)
This report presents the findings of research into the sustainable investing capabilities of private banks, including governance, sustainability risk, and client interactions. The report notes progress among leading banks but highlights the need for continuing education for client advisors and improved ESG and impact reporting and monitoring capabilities.
Research
26 May 2022

The hidden risk in state pensions: Analysing state pensions’ responses to the climate crisis in proxy voting

Stand.earth
This report analyses the proxy voting strategies of 19 state pensions, as well as the five New York City Comptroller systems, managing over US$2 trillion in assets. Results reveal that most pensions failed to address climate-related financial risk, especially in areas such as lobbying, environmental justice, and Indigenous rights.
Research
24 January 2024

The global GHG accounting and reporting standard for the financial industry series

Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials
Standardised methodologies for financial institutions to measure and disclose financed GHG emissions across ten asset classes under scope 3 category 15.
Benchmark/series
1 December 2025

Climate governance study 2024: Moving from vision to action

Australian Institute of Company Directors
This study reveals that Australian directors increasingly prioritise climate change as a material governance issue. However, stakeholders are pulling in a variety of directions, making it challenging for organisations to execute their climate strategies. Policy uncertainty poses the most significant obstacle for climate governance, although the implementation of mandatory climate reporting from July 2025 presents an opportunity for greater accountability.
Research
5 March 2024

Towards financing large-scale holistic landscape restoration in Europe: Recommendations for EU policy actors to attain inspirational, social, natural and financial returns

Commonland
The report provides financing recommendations for large-scale holistic landscape restoration in Europe, addressing climate change, biodiversity loss, and food and water insecurity. It emphasises the effectiveness of landscape finance in promoting healthy ecosystems, offering practical frameworks for policymakers to accelerate impactful activities and align natural and community needs for comprehensive restoration.
Research
30 November 2023
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