Library | ESG issues

Inequality

Inequality refers to disparities in income, wealth, and access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and economic opportunities. While some progress has been made, inequalities persist and deepen for vulnerable populations, including refugees, migrants, Indigenous peoples, older persons, people with disabilities, and children. These disparities hinder sustainable development, threaten social stability, and limit economic growth. Addressing inequality requires inclusive policies, equitable access to resources, and protections against discrimination and social exclusion.

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Global responsible investment trends: Inside PRI reporting data 2025

Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI)
The 2025 PRI report analyses data from 3,048 signatories, highlighting trends in climate risk management, stewardship, and human rights. Asset owners show increased engagement, with climate and social issues gaining priority. Investors continue integrating responsible investment into decision-making and oversight, with varied progress across policy, governance, and disclosure practices.
Research
26 March 2025

Recalibrating feedback loops: Guidance for asset owners and institutional investors assessing the influence of system-level investing

The Investment Integrated Project (TIIP)
This report guides asset owners in assessing how their investments affect systemic environmental and social issues. It introduces a framework to align investment practices with system-level goals and improve financial system resilience. Case studies explore climate change, income inequality, and racial inequity to illustrate practical applications.
Research
7 December 2023

Financing Africa's low carbon green economy transition: Africa's climate finance needs

Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership
This report outlines how African states must spend at least US$2.5tn by 2030 to meet climate commitments. It shows that emission reduction makes up close to 80% of spending, with plans for adaptation to climate change costed at US$418 billion.
Research
24 January 2023

UN Environment Programme's emissions gap report series

United Nations Environment Programme
This benchmark report, produced by the United Nations Environment Programme, assesses the discrepancy between projected and necessary global greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Paris Agreement targets. It highlights the urgent need for enhanced mitigation actions and tracks progress on national commitments and policy implementations.
Benchmark/series

The prevention of adult exploitation and trafficking

Modern Slavery and Human Rights Policy and Evidence Centre
The report synthesises research between 2020-2024 on preventing adult exploitation and trafficking. It highlights limited evidence on early intervention, re-trafficking prevention, and primary prevention. Recommendations include better prevention systems, multi-agency collaboration, addressing root causes, and evaluating effective trade and governance practices.
Research
8 November 2024

Early warning systems and early action in fragile, conflict-affected and violent contexts: Addressing growing climate and disaster risks

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDDR)
The report explores the implementation of early warning systems (EWS) in fragile, conflict-affected, and violent (FCV) contexts, emphasising climate and disaster risk management. It identifies key challenges like limited governance and data availability, proposes governance coordination, regional cooperation, and technology integration as solutions, and advocates for conflict-sensitive and community-based approaches to build resilience and save lives.
Research
30 September 2024

Generative AI, the American worker, and the future of work

The report examines the impact of generative AI on American jobs, noting significant disruption in both cognitive and nonroutine tasks, particularly in middle- and high-wage sectors. It highlights the need for policies that engage workers in AI’s deployment, enhance worker rights, and ensure AI-driven advancements benefit workers while minimising risks.
Research
10 October 2024

An intersectional approach to inclusion at work

This report outlines an intersectional approach to inclusion at work, focusing on neurodivergent and marginalised groups. The author proposes six evidence-based principles, emphasising the need for systemic inclusion, transparency, and fairness to remove barriers and foster a more inclusive workplace for all employees.
Research
21 June 2022

Embedding just transition into corporate climate action strategies

ERM SustainAbility Institute
This report explores how businesses can integrate the concept of a just transition into their climate action strategies. It outlines key frameworks, corporate responsibilities, and challenges, offering guidance for ensuring social and environmental considerations are embedded in decarbonisation efforts.
Research
20 September 2024

Climate warriors down under: Contextualising Australia’s youth climate justice movement

This report explores the youth-led climate justice movement in Australia, focusing on the socio-political context and challenges young activists face. It highlights the role of non-violent, collective action, key groups such as the Australian Youth Climate Coalition, and the impact of climate-related litigation cases, while addressing barriers like media bias and anti-protest laws.
Research
7 December 2023

Cooler finance: Mobilizing investment for the developing world’s sustainable cooling needs

United Nations Environment Programme
The report highlights the critical need for sustainable cooling in developing countries to meet climate goals, reduce emissions, and support health, food security, and productivity. It estimates a market demand of $600 billion annually by 2050 and provides strategies to attract private investment through policy, financing models, and international collaboration.

Research
25 September 2024

The demand for a fair international financial architecture

UN University Centre for Policy Research (UNU-CPR)
The report explores the Global South's calls for reforming the international financial system. It highlights six key outcomes: improved representation, faster response times, increased funding scale, sustainable financing, enhanced global solidarity, and fostering economic self-reliance. The report underscores the urgency of reforming global financial institutions to address disparities.
Research
18 April 2024

Good Jobs First

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Good Jobs First (GJF) is a nonprofit organisation dedicated to promoting accountability and transparency in economic development. By analysing public subsidies and incentives, GJF helps communities understand the impact of corporate subsidies on local economies. Their tools and resources support informed decision-making for sustainable economic growth and responsible investment.
Organisation
1 research item

The investor case for fighting inequality: How inequality harms investors and what investors should do about it

Rights CoLab
The report argues that socioeconomic inequality poses systemic risks to investment performance. It highlights that addressing inequality aligns with investors' fiduciary duties by reducing financial risks and improving long-term returns. The report provides evidence that inequality impacts corporate performance, supply chains, and macroeconomic stability.
Research
6 September 2024

From fragmentation to integration: Embedding social issues in sustainable finance

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
The report calls for integrating social risks into financial strategies. It emphasises the interconnectedness of social and environmental issues and recommends enhancing research, standards, and tools to address socio-economic inequalities, promoting financial stability and sustainability.
Research
30 August 2023

Global Alliance for Banking on Values (GABV)

Finance Industry Groups
Global Alliance for Banking on Values (GABV) is a network of independent banks using finance to deliver sustainable economic, social and environmental development.
Organisation
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