Library | ESG issues

Risk Management

Risk management is the process by which organisations identify, assess, prioritise and respond to threats to their objectives. In sustainable finance it extends conventional financial risk to cover environmental, social and governance exposures, including physical and transition climate risk, nature dependencies, human rights liability and conduct risk. Many of these are long dated, systemic and poorly captured by traditional models. Sound practice connects risk identification to governance, disclosure and capital allocation rather than treating it as a reporting exercise.

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Climate Change Indicators Dashboard

Climate Central
A real-time global dashboard from Climate Central providing data visualisations on key climate indicators, attribution science, and extreme weather impacts to help professionals assess environmental risks and infrastructure vulnerability.
Online tool/database
22 October 2026

MIT AI Risk Repository

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
The MIT AI Risk Repository is a comprehensive database of over 1,600 AI risks and real-world incidents. It provides frameworks and data to help finance professionals and organisations identify, prioritise, and manage technical, social, and regulatory risks associated with artificial intelligence.
Online tool/database
23 April 2025

Adaptation Toolbox

The Adaptation Toolbox, developed by The Adaptation Exchange, provides three free tools to help companies assess climate preparedness, quantify the financial business case for adaptation, and discover technical resilience solutions for physical climate risks.
Online tool/database
6 October 2026

ClimateDeck

Rhodium Group
ClimateDeck is a data platform by Rhodium Group providing global clean energy investment tracking, greenhouse gas emissions inventories, and energy market forecasts to support climate risk analysis.
Online tool/database
7 August 2024

Coastal Risk Finder

Climate Central
Coastal Risk Finder is an interactive mapping tool by Climate Central that provides localized sea level rise and flood risk projections. It helps users assess geographic vulnerability and population exposure through 2100.
Online tool/database
12 March 2020

Global climate investing survey series

Robeco
Robeco’s Global Climate Investing Survey is an annual research series examining institutional and wholesale investors’ approaches to climate change and sustainable investing. It explores climate-related risks and opportunities, net-zero commitments, portfolio decarbonisation, investment strategies, active ownership and climate transition finance, alongside evolving regulatory and market conditions.
Benchmark/series
1 October 2026

Too hot to work? How rising heat affects companies, productivity and economic output

MSCI Inc.
This MSCI research explores the economic impact of rising temperatures on labour productivity. It estimates global annual losses of USD 3.9 trillion under current conditions, potentially reaching 3.3% of global GDP. Asia-Pacific and the real estate sector face the highest risks, while company adaptation remains inconsistent across global markets.
Research
15 October 2026

Investing in a climate resilient Australia: The role of the Australian Sustainable Finance Taxonomy

Australian Sustainable Finance Institute (ASFI)
This report explores expanding the Australian Sustainable Finance Taxonomy to include climate adaptation and resilience. It outlines the economic necessity of strategic investment to mitigate rising climate costs and provides detailed use cases for financial institutions, corporates, and government to mobilise private capital and enhance Australia's economic stability.
Research
13 October 2026

State of blended finance series

Convergence
State of Blended Finance is a research series examining how public, philanthropic and private capital combine to finance sustainable development in emerging markets. It analyses transaction structures, investor participation, capital mobilisation, development impact, market trends and barriers to scaling blended finance.
Benchmark/series
7 October 2026

Who bears the transition risk? Uneven climate risk assessment of SMEs across German banking groups

This report examines how German banks assess climate transition risks, specifically for SMEs. It finds that private banks significantly increased risk weights for carbon-intensive firms after 2018, while cooperative and savings banks did not. The reliance on sector-level metrics suggests potential loan mispricing and systemic risks within regional banking groups.
Research
27 February 2026

The price of climate talk: Central bank communication, climate governance, and sovereign risk premia

This research examines how central bank climate communication affects 10-year sovereign bond yields. Using a dataset of over 17,000 speeches, it finds that climate-related discourse increases yields by making risks more salient. This effect is stronger in countries with independent central banks, reflecting the role of institutional credibility.
Research
1 January 2024

Climate governance under pressure: The Anti-ESG movement’s impact on Canadian institutional investors

Institute for Sustainable Finance (ISF)
This report analyses the impact of the US anti-ESG movement on Canadian institutional investors. It examines governance challenges in integrated markets, shifts in proxy voting, and regulatory changes. Despite political spillover, the analysis highlights the resilience of Canadian legal frameworks and the ongoing commitment to climate-risk oversight.
Research
20 August 2026

From catch to cash: Four seafood giants could increase operating profit by 2% to 9% via improved traceability

Planet Tracker
This report analyses the financial benefits of digital traceability for seafood giants Nissui, Umios, Thai Union, and Nomad Foods. It finds that investing in full-chain, interoperable systems could increase operating profits by 2% to 9% by reducing costs, mitigating regulatory risks, and enhancing brand reputation through improved sustainability data.
Research
8 September 2026

Investing in water-related and dependent infrastructure: Risks, considerations, and opportunities

NatureFinance
This report examines water risks as systemic financial threats to infrastructure. It proposes a seven-step decision framework to integrate ecosystem services into project appraisal and financing. Through case studies in Africa and Asia, it advocates for hybrid green-grey solutions and innovative financial mechanisms to address the global water infrastructure gap.
Research
1 July 2026

Pricing in resilience: The future of financial services for soil health

Transformational Investing in Food Systems (TIFS)
This research examines how agricultural finance, markets and policy are transitioning soil health from a conservation goal to a financial metric. It details five forces driving structural carbon demand and seven financial innovations, including carbon warrants and digital verification, designed to reprice risk and unlock institutional capital for regenerative agriculture.
Research
2 October 2026

Rethinking readiness: Enhancing the foundations for climate finance in fragile and conflict-affected situations

ODI Global
This report analyses climate finance readiness in fragile and conflict-affected situations. It identifies systemic barriers, including institutional instability and under-resourcing, that prevent readiness support from translating into finance. It proposes four principles to adapt readiness, advocating for a whole-of-government approach anchored in political and fiscal realities.
Research
28 September 2026
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