Library | ESG issues
Risk Management
Risk management is the process by which organisations identify, assess, prioritise and respond to threats to their objectives. In sustainable finance it extends conventional financial risk to cover environmental, social and governance exposures, including physical and transition climate risk, nature dependencies, human rights liability and conduct risk. Many of these are long dated, systemic and poorly captured by traditional models. Sound practice connects risk identification to governance, disclosure and capital allocation rather than treating it as a reporting exercise.
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Innovations in sustainability systems to support corporate due diligence
A resource hub from ISEAL Alliance providing case studies on how sustainability systems support corporate due diligence. It explores innovations like gamified worker training and digital risk assessments to improve supply chain transparency and human rights monitoring.
Extreme Weather Toolkit: Extreme Heat
A resource hub from Climate Central providing data, analysis, and visualisations on the trends and local impacts of extreme heat, including the Climate Shift Index and urban heat island studies.
Annual sustainable investment asset owner survey series
This benchmark series examines global asset owner attitudes and approaches to sustainable investment. It tracks adoption levels, thematic priorities, and perceived barriers across diverse regions and asset classes. The research provides factual insights into how sustainability factors are integrated into core investment practices, aiding portfolio construction and risk management.
Collection of Open-Access CARMINE Publications
A comprehensive repository of open-access research and deliverables from the CARMINE project, providing advanced climate-risk assessment methodologies and case study data to support environmental resilience and informed financial risk analysis.
Redirecting sovereign capital to accelerate Indonesia’s energy transition
This report examines Indonesia’s sovereign wealth fund, Danantara, and its role in the energy transition. It highlights the fiscal risks of subsidy-dependent energy SOEs and recommends a strategic shift towards renewables. Drawing on global SWF experiences, it advocates for portfolio diversification to ensure long-term profitability and national energy security.
Global South Climate Database
A searchable database maintained by Carbon Brief providing access to over 1,100 climate experts from the Global South. It enables finance professionals to connect with specialists in carbon markets, climate policy, and regional environmental risks across Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Climate Data Store (CDS)
The Climate Data Store (CDS) is an open-access platform providing authoritative climate datasets, including historical reanalysis and future projections. It enables finance professionals to assess physical climate risks, track greenhouse gas emissions, and integrate evidence-based environmental data into ESG reporting and investment analysis.
NGFS 2026 Nature Package
The NGFS 2026 Nature Package offers central banks and supervisors practical tools to integrate nature-related risks into financial stability assessments and macroeconomic modelling.
U.S. Fire Weather Historical Trends Data (1973-2025)
A dataset and analysis by Climate Central tracking fire weather trends across the U.S. from 1973 to 2025. It helps users understand the increasing frequency of high heat and low humidity conditions that drive wildfire risk.
DERA Preismonitor
Published by the German Mineral Resources Agency (DERA), the Preismonitor provides monthly price tracking for over 80 mineral raw materials and 15 recycling materials. It serves as a vital tool for monitoring commodity market trends and assessing supply chain risks.
Weekly cat report: Review of global catastrophe activity
This series provides a weekly review of global catastrophe activity, covering meteorological events and preliminary financial loss estimates. It tracks natural disasters such as severe convective storms, flooding, and landslides across multiple regions to assist in risk assessment. This report is part of a regular series.
Oil market report series
This monthly series provides a comprehensive analysis of global oil market fundamentals, including supply, demand, refinery throughputs, and price developments. Produced by the International Energy Agency, it offers detailed data and forecasts to support evidence-based decision-making. This document is part of a benchmark series.
Optimal flood insurance in a second-best world: Fiscal spillovers, reclassification risk and moral hazard
This report evaluates the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program's transition to risk-based pricing. It finds that unintended consequences, such as increased ex post disaster spending and household exposure to climate uncertainty, outweigh moral hazard costs. The authors conclude that an optimal premium subsidy of 52% is required.
Why resilience starts with understanding extremes
Climate resilience requires understanding high-impact, low-probability tail risks. Rising temperatures are transforming extreme events into common occurrences. Using examples like the 2025 Los Angeles wildfires, this report advocates for assessing high-end warming scenarios and tipping points to evaluate the robustness of portfolios and assets against cascading physical risks.
Climate-related transition planning: Voluntary guidance
This voluntary guidance from the Australian Treasury helps organisations develop climate-related transition plans. It details a four-stage process—assessing position, setting ambitions, planning actions, and implementation—to manage risks and align with Australia’s net zero targets, building on international standards and domestic policy to enhance business resilience.
Community energy: Hope and headwinds
This report examines the Australian community energy sector, highlighting growth to over 126 projects by 2023. It explores the tension between strong community motivations and significant economic headwinds, such as scale diseconomies and market volatility. Key findings emphasise technical expertise and de-risking strategies as essential for success.
