Library | ESG issues

Risk Management

Risk management is the process by which organisations identify, assess, prioritise and respond to threats to their objectives. In sustainable finance it extends conventional financial risk to cover environmental, social and governance exposures, including physical and transition climate risk, nature dependencies, human rights liability and conduct risk. Many of these are long dated, systemic and poorly captured by traditional models. Sound practice connects risk identification to governance, disclosure and capital allocation rather than treating it as a reporting exercise.

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OECD Due Diligence Policy Mapping Tool

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The OECD Due Diligence Policy Mapping Tool compares global responsible business conduct legislation against the OECD's six-step framework. It helps users identify regulatory convergence and differences in mandatory due diligence requirements.
Resource hub

WWF Risk Filter Suite

World Wide Fund for Nature (World Wildlife Fund – WWF)
A free online screening suite from WWF featuring Water and Biodiversity Risk Filters. It helps financial institutions and companies identify nature-related physical and regulatory risks across portfolios using 80+ global datasets.
Online tool/database

Climate Risk Signals Explorer

Climate Proof
The Climate Risk Signals Explorer is an AI-powered analytical tool by Climate Proof that tracks climate risk mentions in corporate earnings calls, helping finance professionals monitor physical and transition risks.
Online tool/database
11 September 2025

SUSREG annual report series

World Wide Fund for Nature (World Wildlife Fund – WWF)
This benchmark series provides a comprehensive assessment of sustainable financial regulations and central banking activities. It tracks progress across global jurisdictions in integrating climate, environmental, and social risks within banking, insurance, and capital markets sectors, supporting the transition towards a net-zero and nature-positive global economy.
Benchmark/series
9 December 2025

Guarantees: From misdiagnosis to strategic deployment: Evidence from expert practitioner interviews

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment
This research examines why climate-aligned guarantees often fail to mobilise private capital effectively. It identifies structural misalignments within multilateral development banks and suggests that strategic deployment requires a move towards portfolio-based approaches, local-currency financing, and better risk layering to address specific investment constraints in emerging markets.
Research
28 May 2026

How certain can we be about NGFS Climate Scenarios?

This research analyses uncertainty in Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) climate scenarios across four vintages and 254 variables. It finds that revisions to initial conditions and model recalibration often exceed scenario and model uncertainty, requiring cautious interpretation in financial risk assessments.
Research
9 July 2026

AI managed household portfolios: A preliminary report

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This research investigates AI-managed household portfolios, finding that large language models recommend undiversified portfolios concentrated in high-momentum, large-cap technology stocks. While returns may exceed market benchmarks, they do not provide abnormal returns when adjusted for risk characteristics. Recommendations are primarily driven by media attention rather than investment skill.
Research
26 April 2026

Disaster resilience scorecard for cities: Addendum for extreme heat risk management

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDDR)
An addendum to the Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities, this tool helps local governments assess and strengthen extreme heat risk management. It uses 18 indicators to evaluate governance, infrastructure, and financial planning to build long-term urban resilience against rising temperatures.
Online tool/database
5 November 2025

Global Nature Watch

World Resources Institute
Global Nature Watch is an AI-powered Earth monitoring platform developed by the World Resources Institute and Google. It provides near-real-time data on land-use changes across various ecosystems to support nature-based risk assessment and environmental reporting.
Online tool/database

CPA-Zicklin Index of Corporate Political Disclosure and Accountability

Center for Political Accountability
This benchmark series evaluates corporate political disclosure and accountability practices among major US companies. It provides a structured analysis of transparency, board oversight, and spending policies for the S&P 500 and Russell 1000, enabling stakeholders to assess political risk and governance standards across different industries.
Benchmark/series
6 November 2025

Business-led blended finance: A practical playbook

United Nations Global Compact
This report examines business-led blended finance, which grew to US$24 billion in 2024. It provides a practical playbook for companies to move from passive recipients to active deal architects, addressing the US$4 trillion SDG financing gap through risk management toolkits, sector analyses, and eight global case studies.
Research
25 June 2026

The climate premium on commercial real estate insurance

First Street
This report analyses rising insurance costs in the United States commercial real estate sector. It finds that premiums have surged 154% since 2017, driven by climate risk and reinsurance trends. High-risk markets face significant valuation erosion, with multi-family properties particularly impacted by increased financial burdens and pricing volatility.
Research
14 May 2026

A novel multilevel conceptual framework for flood risk governance

This research introduces a multilevel framework integrating flood hazard modelling, social vulnerability assessments, and risk communication. Designed for data-scarce environments, it addresses analytical silos by treating communication as a coequal component. The framework supports equitable decision-making through consequence-oriented risk surfaces and transparent uncertainty representation for municipal planning.
Research
27 April 2026

ENCORE Insights: Country Dashboard

Global Canopy
The ENCORE Insights: Country Dashboard is an interactive tool that maps how national economies and sectors depend on nature. Developed by Global Canopy, it helps finance professionals and regulators assess macroeconomic risks associated with nature degradation and ecosystem service dependencies.
Online tool/database
10 December 2025

The total portfolio approach (TPA): A practical guide for navigating the transition to TPA

CFA Institute Research & Policy Centre
The report examines the Total Portfolio Approach as an alternative to traditional strategic asset allocation. Drawing on interviews and survey evidence, it explains TPA’s investment, governance, risk, sustainability and organisational foundations, outlines a five-level transition pathway, and provides practical guidance for asset owners assessing readiness and implementation.
Research
23 July 2026

Environmental crime: From blind spot to business risk

United for Wildlife
This report identifies environmental crime as an illicit economy worth USD 300 billion, posing significant financial risks to global businesses. It examines how illegal goods permeate supply chains and details tightening regulations. The research provides strategic actions for organisations to improve traceability and manage exposure effectively.
Research
8 June 2026
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