Library | Sustainable Finance Practices

Impact measurement and verification

Resources for developing metrics and frameworks to measure, monitor, implement and verify the environmental, social, and financial impacts of investments.

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Measuring what matters most: Seven systems transformations for benchmarking companies on the SDGs

World Benchmarking Alliance
This report provides guidance on developing benchmarks to transform systems towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It identifies seven critical transformations: social, agriculture and food, decarbonisation and energy, circular, digital, urban, and financial systems. These benchmarks aim to hold companies accountable and drive meaningful change across industries to support sustainable development.
Research
15 July 2019

Physical risk framework: Understanding the impacts of climate change on real estate lending and investment portfolios

Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership
This report provides lenders and investors with a four-step process to assess the physical impact of climate change on their real estate and infrastructure portfolios. The report emphasises the importance of using insurers’ extreme weather models within this framework to estimate natural catastrophe risks.
Research
16 February 2019

Transition risk framework: Managing the impacts of the low carbon transition on infrastructure investments

Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership
This report introduces a transition risk framework aiding investors and regulators in navigating risks and seizing opportunities in the low-carbon transition. It enhances comprehension of how transition risks impact financial performance in infrastructure investments, offering a transparent, adaptable, and robust methodology for assessing the financial implications of a shift towards a low-carbon economy.
Research
18 February 2019

CIMS vs. NZBA climate target setting: Cross-fertilizing best practices

Sustainable Finance Observatory
This report compares the NZBA and CIMS methodologies for climate target setting and identifies best practices for optimizing the mitigation of GHG emissions. By examining their differences and commonalities, the authors provide recommendations and suggest that combining the two frameworks could create a robust joint disclosure framework.
Research
22 February 2024

Industry influence on biodiversity policy: A pilot study demonstrating industry associations’ engagement on biodiversity-related policy and regulations

InfluenceMap
This report reveals that industry associations representing key sectors and some of the largest companies in the world are lobbying to delay, dilute, and block critically needed biodiversity policy in both the EU and US. The vast majority of engagement on specific policies and regulations is oppositional, seeking to roll back, weaken, or block policy.
Research
24 October 2022

Climate poverty connections: Opportunities for synergistic solutions at the intersection of planetary and human well-being

Project Drawdown
The report highlights co-benefits of climate solutions that also improve human well-being. The report focuses on sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and shows the potential of environmental solutions to help relieve poverty. It also recommends further evaluation on existing solutions and assessing unintended consequences.
Research
7 April 2022

A conceptualisation of sub-living wages: Liabilities, leverage, and risk

Harvard Business School
This report proposes an alternative approach for organisations to account for wages paid below the local living wage level through a firm's balance sheet, creating leverage effect as the organisation borrows from society, reflecting higher stakeholder risk. This can help investors, policymakers, customers, corporate managers and other stakeholders to assess an organisation's exposure to human capital erosion.
Research
15 June 2022

Investing for outcomes: Why impact is relevant beyond impact investing

Citi
This report explores the importance of measuring the impact of investing activities, particularly in the increasingly popular field of impact investing. It discusses the use of data to assess a company's social and environmental footprint, the role of taxonomies in impact investing, and the rise of impact awareness.
Research
19 April 2022

Stocktake of financial authorities’ experience in including physical and transition climate risks as part of their financial stability monitoring

Financial Stability Board (FSB)
This report examines the extent to which financial authorities consider climate-related risks in their financial stability monitoring and contains information on the channels that the authorities use to manage the risks and the quantification of climate-related risks to financial stability.
Research
22 July 2020

New frontiers in value creation: A guide to impact value creation in collaboration with impact capital managers

Tideline
This report explores new frontiers in impact value creation across private markets. It discusses key considerations for financial materiality of impact, sources of impact value creation, and modalities for impact value creation with a focus on case studies.
Research
9 February 2024

Truth in impact: A Tideline guide to using the impact investment label

Tideline
This report provides insights on sustainable investing labelling. Investors can self-classify and maintain market integrity through clear, accurate labelling backed by independent verification. The report offers a proprietary Framework for Impact Labeling, case studies, and observations about sustainable investing.
Research
4 August 2021

Full disclosure: Improving corporate reporting on climate risk

Investor Group on Climate Change
This report summarises how investors utilize corporate reporting to manage climate-related financial risks, identify opportunities, and set strategies for transitioning to net-zero emissions. The report contains investors' expectations from climate reports, insights on scenario analysis, and recommendations for improving corporate disclosure on climate risks.
Research
19 August 2020

Deforestation tools assessment and gap analysis: How investors can manage deforestation risk

Hindsight Consultancy
This report explores investor deforestation initiatives. It assesses existing tools and datasets, identifies gaps, and offers recommendations. The report highlights the importance of managing deforestation risk while acknowledging the complexity of supply chains and information gaps.
Research
13 August 2020

Sustainability bond framework

Ministry of Finance (Government of Luxembourg)
This sustainability bond framework was published to finance expenditures supporting green and social categories compliant with eligibility criteria. The framework adheres to the highest standards of environmental and social impact reporting.
Research
31 August 2020

Can sustainable investing save the world? Reviewing the mechanism of investor impact

The paper delves into how sustainable investing (SI) contributes to social and environmental goals. It highlights shareholder engagement as a well-supported mechanism, partial support for capital allocation impact, and limited empirical backing for indirect mechanisms. Policymakers are suggested to facilitate the spread of sustainable companies to amplify impact.
Research
17 October 2019

Child-lens investing framework

Tideline
This report introduces the Child-Lens Investing Framework, an approach to impact investing designed to guide investors to invest using a child-centric lens. The report provides an overview of the framework's various components and explores its alignment with leading responsible and impact investing standards and frameworks.
Research
23 September 2023
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