Library | ESG issues
Climate Change
Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.
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ASEAN sustainable finance state of the market series
This series by the Climate Bonds Initiative examines the development of sustainable finance markets across ASEAN. It covers green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked debt instruments, alongside market structures, taxonomies, transition finance and policy developments supporting sustainable capital markets across the region.
Climate-related disclosures: Insights from our reviews 2026
This Financial Markets Authority report reviews 62 climate statements from the second reporting period in Aotearoa New Zealand. It identifies improvements in reporting structures but highlights gaps in physical risk analysis and assurance compliance. Future monitoring will focus on education to improve data substantiation and risk disclosure quality.
The climate premium on commercial real estate insurance
This report analyses rising insurance costs in the United States commercial real estate sector. It finds that premiums have surged 154% since 2017, driven by climate risk and reinsurance trends. High-risk markets face significant valuation erosion, with multi-family properties particularly impacted by increased financial burdens and pricing volatility.
A novel multilevel conceptual framework for flood risk governance
This research introduces a multilevel framework integrating flood hazard modelling, social vulnerability assessments, and risk communication. Designed for data-scarce environments, it addresses analytical silos by treating communication as a coequal component. The framework supports equitable decision-making through consequence-oriented risk surfaces and transparent uncertainty representation for municipal planning.
Stewardship in the critical minerals value chain: Assessing sustainability performance and risks in Asia
This research examines sustainability risks in Asia’s critical minerals value chain, focusing on nickel, cobalt and copper. Utilising IRMA-aligned assessments and geospatial data, it highlights gaps between corporate policy and implementation, intensifying physical climate risks, and nature dependencies, providing actionable stewardship priorities for institutional investors in the region.
IEA Statistics Search
The IEA Statistics Search is an authoritative data portal providing global energy analysis, projections, and historical statistics. It supports finance professionals in assessing energy market trends, ESG metrics, and investment risks during the clean energy transition.
Global sustainable investment review series
This benchmark series provides a factual mapping of the state of responsible and sustainable investment across major global financial markets. Produced biennially, it offers regional insights and policy recommendations to help finance professionals navigate evolving regulatory frameworks, standardised methodologies, and the transition to a net-zero economy through international cooperation.
ICMA's guidance handbooks series
This guidance series provides a comprehensive set of questions and answers regarding the application of the Green Bond Principles, Social Bond Principles, Sustainability Bond Guidelines, and Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles. It serves as a benchmark series for the sustainable bond market, promoting transparency and standardisation across various financial debt instruments.
Corporate Health Check 2026: The annual state of Earth-positive business action
The CDP 2026 Corporate Health Check, produced with Oliver Wyman, demonstrates that environmental leadership aligns with financial performance. While a 15% leadership cohort achieves 4% annual emission reductions, a major gap persists in adaptation finance. The report identifies four key levers for building resilience and capturing emerging commercial opportunities.
Mainstreaming just transition finance: Lessons from emerging best practice
This report examines the integration of just transition principles into private finance. It highlights structural barriers, including the lack of robust business cases and quantifiable evidence. Recommendations include embedding just transition into existing regulatory frameworks, strengthening the evidence base for commercial benefits, and aligning private incentives with national commitments.
Assessing climate finance quality in practice: Lessons from six cases
This research report analyses six case studies to determine what constitutes high-quality public climate finance. It introduces a two-pronged framework assessing design, delivery, and results. Findings emphasise context-specific calibration, the importance of building enabling environments, and identifying data gaps that hinder systematic reporting across public climate finance providers.
Gaining ground: State of private investment in nature 2026
This report analyses the growth of private investment in nature between 2016 and 2025, documenting a fivefold increase in annual capital deployment to $14 billion. It highlights the shift towards institutional-grade natural capital and recommends clearer policy drivers and standardised metrics to unlock investment and bridge the $700 billion finance gap.
The price and distributional impact of flood risk disclosure: Evidence from US housing platforms
This research quantifies the impact of property-level flood risk disclosure on US housing prices and demographics. Homes labelled with 'extreme' risk saw a 3.3% price discount. Disclosure caused significant resorting, with lower-income, older, and FHA-financed buyers increasingly purchasing high-risk properties primarily due to reduced transaction prices.
Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance: Portfolio
The Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance Portfolio is a database of vetted financial instruments designed to mobilise private capital for climate action. It provides finance professionals with access to innovative blended finance models, case studies, and sector-specific investment structures.
Global Climate Finance Architecture
Climate Funds Update tracks the complex global climate finance architecture, monitoring multilateral, bilateral, and regional funds. It provides critical insights into how international capital is channelled toward climate action in developing nations, supporting ESG analysis and investment context.
2026 IEA Energy Prices Database
The 2026 IEA Energy Prices Database provides comprehensive global data on energy prices, investment trends, and capital flows. It supports finance professionals in assessing market volatility, conducting risk analysis, and evaluating energy sector investments.
