Library | ESG issues
Climate Change
Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.
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Climate data in the investment process: Challenges, resources, and considerations
The report examines how climate-related data are used in investment decision-making, highlighting limitations in availability, consistency, and comparability. It reviews greenhouse gas metrics, evolving global disclosure standards, and regulatory milestones, and outlines practical strategies for investors managing imperfect climate data.
The economic commitment of climate change
This study estimates that climate change has already committed the global economy to around a 19% average income reduction by mid-century, largely independent of future emissions. Near-term damages are projected to substantially exceed mitigation costs, with disproportionate losses in lower-income, low-emitting regions.
Distinguishing among climate change-related risks
The report distinguishes planetary, economic and financial climate risks, clarifying their differing scopes, timeframes and responsible actors. It argues that conflating these risks weakens policy and investment responses, and calls for clearer delineation to improve risk assessment, accountability and targeted climate action.
Quantitative climate scenario analysis in financial decisions: Case studies
This CFRF report presents nine case studies demonstrating how quantitative climate scenario analysis informs financial decisions. It assesses physical and transition risks across assets, sectors and geographies, translating climate pathways into impacts on valuations, credit risk and losses to support risk-based decision-making.
The alignment of companies' sustainability behavior and emissions with global climate targets
The study analyses sustainability reports from major listed companies to assess alignment with Paris climate targets. Using natural language processing, it finds alignment depends on the type of actions taken. Firms prioritising innovation and energy transition outperform those focused on risk mitigation.
A post-AR6 update on observed and projected climate change in India
India has warmed by 0.89°C since the early 20th century, with further 1.2–1.3°C warming projected by mid-century. Evidence shows intensifying heat extremes, altered monsoon rainfall, rapid Indian Ocean warming, rising sea levels, glacier loss, and increasing compound hot–dry risks.
Still or sparkling?: Approaches to changing portfolio compositions in long-term stress-tests and scenario analyses
The report reviews approaches to modelling portfolio changes in long-term climate stress tests, comparing static portfolios with macro, ex ante, and ex post adjustments. It outlines trade-offs, shows results are sensitive to assumptions, and argues approach choice should match supervisory objectives.
Impacts of climate change on global agriculture accounting for adaptation
This study estimates global climate change impacts on six staple crops using subnational data and observed adaptation. Yields fall by about 4.4% of recommended calories per 1 °C warming. Adaptation and income growth offset losses partially, but substantial global and regional yield declines remain.
Climate extremes, food price spikes, and their wider societal risks
The report links unprecedented climate extremes to sharp food price spikes, documenting recent global cases. It finds these shocks worsen inequality, food security, health outcomes, inflation volatility and political stability, and argues for stronger mitigation, adaptation, forecasting and social safety nets to manage rising systemic risks.
The insurability imperative: Using insurance to navigate the climate transition
This report argues that insurability is a strategic indicator of financial viability in a climate-disrupted economy. It explains how insurance, risk modelling, resilience investment, and policy alignment shape access to capital, asset values, and transition finance, urging leaders to embed insurability into decision-making.
Information integrity about climate science: A systematic review
Systematic review of 300 studies (2015-2025) finds coordinated misinformation and greenwashing by corporate, political, and media actors undermine climate science, eroding trust and delaying policy. Research is Global North–centric. Evidence supports regulation, litigation, coalitions, and education to strengthen information integrity.
Changing markets foundation
Changing Markets Foundation accelerates sustainability market shifts by exposing irresponsible corporate practices and promoting environmentally and socially beneficial solutions. Working with NGOs and research partners, it drives campaigns on climate, plastics, food systems and fashion to influence markets and public policy. It is an independent environmental advocacy nonprofit.
First Street
First Street Foundation is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) research and technology group that quantifies and communicates climate-related physical risk, including flooding, wildfire, wind, and heat, at the property level. It produces peer-reviewed climate risk models and tools to help individuals, governments and financial institutions understand and act on climate risk data.
Resilient LLP
Resilient LLP is a specialist climate change and clean energy law firm providing expert legal, policy and regulatory advice to public and private energy companies, governments, financial institutions and NGOs. It focuses on carbon markets, net-zero strategy, sustainable finance and Indigenous rights in the energy transition.
Climate Financial Risk Forum (CFRF)
Climate Financial Risk Forum (CFRF) is a UK financial services industry initiative, jointly established by Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) in 2019. CFRF brings senior leaders together to develop practical climate-related financial risk management guidance, tools and case studies for banks, insurers and asset managers.
Greenpeace East Asia
Greenpeace East Asia is a regional environmental campaigning organisation focused on climate change, toxic pollution, sustainable food, forests and ocean protection across East Asia. Active since 1997, it conducts research, advocacy and non-violent campaigns to influence policy and promote renewable energy and environmental sustainability.
