Library | ESG issues
Corporate Strategy
Corporate strategy involves the comprehensive plan a company employs to achieve its long-term objectives, encompassing decisions on resource allocation, market participation, and competitive positioning. Integrating sustainability into corporate strategy enables organisations to create long-term stakeholder value. This approach offers advantages such as enhancing brand value, meeting consumer demands, increasing efficiency, attracting top talent, and opening new market opportunities.
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Externalities and the common owner
This article analyses institutional investors’ incentives to internalise negative externalities across their portfolios. It focuses on climate change, showing how large asset managers influence fossil fuel companies to reduce emissions, disclose risks, and limit lobbying, reframing shareholder primacy by prioritising portfolio-wide welfare over firm-level profit maximisation.
Companies should maximize shareholder welfare not market value
This report summarises why firms should maximise shareholder welfare rather than market value, noting that investors often have ethical and social preferences beyond profit. It proposes shareholder voting on corporate policy to better align company decisions with investor welfare, particularly where externalities are inseparable from production.
Aotearoa New Zealand climate standards series
The Aotearoa New Zealand Climate Standards series is a benchmark series issued by the External Reporting Board. It sets out the framework for climate-related disclosures, including governance, strategy, risk management, metrics and targets, adoption provisions, and general requirements. The series provides entities with a consistent structure to report climate-related risks and opportunities.
External Reporting Board (XRB)
External Reporting Board (XRB) is an independent Crown entity in New Zealand that develops and issues accounting, auditing & assurance, and climate reporting standards. XRB ensures trusted, high-quality, integrated reporting across public, private and not-for-profit sectors to promote transparency, accountability and support informed decision-making.
Just transition, environment and social considerations for the aviation fuel transition: An investor guide
This guide outlines environmental, social, and just transition considerations for investors in aviation’s fuel shift. It compares biofuels and e-fuels, highlights regulatory and biodiversity risks, and provides engagement questions to assess companies’ transition strategies, ensuring alignment with climate goals while safeguarding communities and long-term financial stability.
Opportunity Green
Opportunity Green (OG) is a UK-based charity founded in 2021 that harnesses legal, economic and policy expertise to drive climate justice. OG focuses on equity, justice and accountability across overlooked sectors—aviation, shipping, buildings, steel, agriculture—championing decarbonisation, legal innovation and coalition-building for a 1.5 °C-aligned future.
Water footprint implementation
Water Footprint Implementation supports companies and governments with water accounting, sustainability assessment and water-footprint compensation. A spin-off of Water Footprint Network research, it delivers actionable insights for ESG reporting, water stewardship, water-footprint benchmarking and tailored reduction strategies to enhance resilience, reduce risk and foster sustainable water management.
Water footprint network
Water Footprint Network is a non-profit, global collaboration platform advancing fair and smart freshwater use. It champions science-based water footprint assessment, offers open-access tools and data for businesses, governments and communities, and guides sustainable, equitable water governance to address water scarcity and pollution worldwide.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) drives space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics innovation. Its work spans human spaceflight, planetary missions, Earth and climate research, advanced space technology and satellite programmes. NASA shares open data, images and video to inform global science and deepen understanding of Earth and the universe.
Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)
Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) is an independent, non‑partisan, non‑profit focused on transforming global energy systems. It delivers market‑driven, clean energy and decarbonisation solutions—spanning policy, industry and communities—to advance affordable, zero‑carbon futures. RMI supports rapid energy transition and sustainable development through research, analysis and global collaboration.
How can pharma get the few promising drugs in development to patients battling superbugs?
This report examines the barriers to bringing new antibiotics to market, highlighting funding gaps, regulatory uncertainty, and weak commercial incentives. It outlines policy solutions to improve access and development, aiming to address the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by supporting viable pathways for pharmaceutical innovation.
WetterOnline
WetterOnline provides reliable weather forecasts, real-time rain and lightning radar, health-weather, sailing and snow-sports insights via app and web. Founded in 1996, it delivers multilingual weather data in over 40 countries. One of Germany’s most visited meteorological platforms.
Institute of Physics of Cantabria (IFCA)
Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA) is a joint research centre of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and University of Cantabria. Established in 1995, IFCA specialises in particle physics, astrophysics, cosmology, advanced computing and instrumentation. It publishes 200+ annual papers and leads internationally funded frontier‑science projects.
Predictia Intelligent Data Solutions
Predictia delivers AI‑powered custom software for climate, weather and health data. Founded in 2008 as a spin‑off from the University of Cantabria, it specialises in data management, modelling and visualisation across sectors such as Earth sciences, remote sensing and industry 4.0, supporting informed decision‑making for adaptation and mitigation.
Sizing the inevitable investment opportunity: Climate adaptation
This report estimates the climate adaptation market will grow from US\$1tn in 2024 to US\$4tn by 2050, with US\$2tn driven by global warming. Investment opportunities could reach US\$9tn, spanning emerging and established solutions, largely resilient to climate scenario differences over the next 25 years.
Oxford Programme for Sustainable Infrastructure Systems (OPSIS)
Oxford Programme for Sustainable Infrastructure Systems (OPSIS) delivers research and education on resilient, sustainable infrastructure across energy, transport, water and digital systems. Based at the University of Oxford’s Environmental Change Institute, OPSIS develops system‑of‑systems models to assess climate risks and support data‑driven decision‑making for infrastructure resilience.
