Library | ESG issues

Fisheries & Aquaculture

Fisheries and aquaculture involve both wild fishing and the farming of aquatic organisms for commercial purposes. Sustainable practices minimise environmental impacts, maintain biodiversity, and balance ecosystem health, reducing risks associated with overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. Responsible management of both wild fisheries and aquaculture is essential for long-term food security, economic stability, and the preservation of marine ecosystems. Investors can assess risks related to overfishing, habitat degradation, supply chain transparency and regulatory compliance.

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Climate risk and adaptation in global food

First Sentier Investors
The report outlines rising climate risks to global food supply chains, projecting up to $38 trillion in damages by 2050. It explores mitigation and adaptation strategies across crops, livestock, and fisheries, and highlights investor actions to build resilience, support sustainable practices, and adapt to shifting market, environmental, and regulatory conditions.
Research
10 April 2025

Addressing biodiversity risk and opportunity at PensionDanmark

Accounting for Sustainability (A4S)
PensionDanmark developed a biodiversity strategy targeting its real estate and infrastructure assets to mitigate nature loss. It employs data-led initiatives, stakeholder engagement, and nature-based solutions to protect and restore biodiversity, aligning with EU taxonomy and Science Based Targets for Nature. Implementation includes construction screening, sustainable sourcing, and performance monitoring.
Research
18 February 2025

Investing in a pollution free ocean

Back to Blue
The report explores how ocean pollution poses financial, legal and reputational risks to businesses, particularly land-based sectors. It identifies data gaps as a barrier to effective decision-making and highlights opportunities in green chemistry, data innovation and sustainable finance. It recommends integrating ocean health into corporate and financial strategies.
Research
24 March 2025

Back to Blue

Issue Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Back to Blue Initiative is a joint project by Economist Impact and the Nippon Foundation addressing ocean pollution. It focuses on data-driven solutions for plastic and chemical pollution in marine environments. The initiative offers research, policy insights and advocacy to support sustainable ocean health and inform global environmental decision-making.
Organisation
1 research item

The nature-based solutions map

World Business Council for Sustainable Development
This tool is designed to help businesses identify relevant nature-based solutions (NbS) for addressing challenges related to core business operations, climate, nature, water, and social equity. It categorises NbS based on business needs and biomes, facilitating decision-making. The map serves as a starting point, requiring further development for implementation.
Research
5 June 2024

Innovative markets and market-like instruments for ecosystem services

This tool provides investors with a framework for evaluating and comparing different nature-based investment opportunities. It helps identify projects that offer the best combination of financial returns and environmental impact, supporting informed investment decisions.
Online tool/database
24 August 2013

Conservation investment blueprint: Public-private partnership for marine protected areas developed based on the case study of blue finance

The report outlines a conservation investment blueprint using public-private partnerships (PPPs) to manage marine protected areas (MPAs). Blue Finance structures collaborative management agreements and sustainable financing mechanisms to enhance marine biodiversity, support local economies, and improve climate resilience. The model combines impact investment, tourism revenues, and government collaboration for long-term MPA sustainability.
Research
9 May 2020

Guidelines for blue finance: Guidance for financing the blue economy, building on the Green Bond Principles and the Green Loan Principles

International Finance Corporation
This guidance document aims to provide a list of eligible use of proceeds to support private investments aligned with the Green Bond Principles and Green Loan Principles and contributing to Goals 6 and 14 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals — “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all,” and “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.” This document identifies eligible blue project categories to guide IFC’s investments to support the blue economy, in line with the Green Bond Principles and Green Loan Principles.
Research
25 January 2022

Biodiversity measurement approaches: A practitioner's guide for financial institutions (4th edition)

Finance for Biodiversity Foundation
This guide provides a comprehensive overview of tools and methodologies for financial institutions to assess biodiversity impacts and dependencies. It includes practical recommendations, evaluations of twelve tools, case studies, and guidance on marine biodiversity. The guide supports nature-related risk management, aligning with frameworks like TNFD and EU Biodiversity standards.
Research
15 November 2024

Protected Planet

Protected Planet is the most up to date and complete source of data on protected areas and other effective are-based conservation measures (OECMs), updated monthly with submissions from governments, non-government organisations, landowners and communities.
Online tool/database

Ocean+

Other Industry / Sector Specific Groups & Sponsored Organisations
Ocean Plus is an initiative that brings together accurate and up-to-date information on ocean biodiversity to support effective decisions that protect global marine life. The database includes three primary datasets: Ocean+ Data viewer, Ocean+ Habitats, and Ocean + Library.
Organisation

World database of key biodiversity areas

The key biodiversity areas database provides a comprehensive, robust, up-to-date, and accessible data management system for Key Biodiversity Areas, the most important sites in the world for nature (still in beta stage at time of writing).
Online tool/database

CSIRO's state of the climate reports

CSIRO
This series offers insights into Australia’s climate changes based on comprehensive research from the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. Each report synthesises data on climate trends, impacts, and projections, guiding informed decision-making for sustainable environmental and economic resilience.
Benchmark/series

Investigating global aquatic food loss and waste

World Economic Forum
This report explores the global issue of aquatic food loss and waste (FLW), quantifying it across various species and product types. In 2021, approximately 14.8% of aquatic foods were lost or wasted globally. The report identifies hotspots, outlines key drivers, and suggests targeted interventions to enhance sustainability in the aquatic food industry.
Research
10 April 2024

Ocean Risk and Resilience Action Alliance (ORRAA)

Issue Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Ocean Risk and Resilience Action Alliance (ORRAA) brings together finance, insurance, and environmental sectors to address ocean-related risks and enhance coastal resilience. ORRAA mobilises investment into ocean-based solutions to mitigate climate change, protect ecosystems, and support vulnerable communities.
Organisation
1 research item

Diving deep: Finance, ocean pollution and coastal resilience

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
This report explores how financial institutions can drive sustainability in ocean-linked sectors, focusing on coastal infrastructure and waste management. It highlights sustainable financing principles, encouraging banks, insurers, and investors to mitigate environmental risks and support nature-based solutions for climate resilience, biodiversity, and economic prosperity in the blue economy.
Research
1 March 2022
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