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Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, including carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate change. Reducing emissions is vital to mitigating global warming risks and aligning with climate targets like the Paris Agreement, influencing long-term corporate and investment strategies.

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Too little too late? Nationwide carbon trading in China

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This study evaluates China's rate-based National Emissions Trading Scheme using satellite imagery. It finds high-efficiency plants increased electricity generation and carbon emissions by approximately 5% relative to low-efficiency plants. The programme incentivised production without significantly reducing emission intensity, leading to an estimated aggregate increase in carbon dioxide emissions.
Research
1 October 2026

Corporate Climate Targets Database and Dashboard

Harvard Business School
A longitudinal database tracking voluntary climate commitments and greenhouse gas targets for U.S. public companies in the Russell 3000 index from 2000 to 2024.
Online tool/database
21 September 2026

Survey of Aotearoa New Zealand investors: Climate policies and actions series

Investor Group on Climate Change
This benchmark series examines the climate-related investment policies and actions of institutional investors in Aotearoa New Zealand. It monitors progress in embedding climate risks into financial decision-making, target setting, and investment in climate solutions, providing transparency and accountability across the local investment sector.
Benchmark/series
1 January 2026

Estimating the date of Earth Overshoot Day 2026

Global Footprint Network identifies Earth Overshoot Day 2026 as 30 July. While the date appears later than in 2025, underlying ecological overshoot is at record levels. The report details nowcasting methodologies using proxy data to overcome UN data lags and highlights significant updates to carbon and trade accounting.
Research
29 May 2026

The GIIN Climate Solutions Investing Framework: A resource for asset owners to move from ambition to allocation

Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN)
This research provides a framework for asset owners to evaluate climate mitigation investment strategies. It outlines foundational concepts and four criteria for selection: identifying climate theses, quantifying decarbonisation contributions, understanding prioritisation, and managing uncertainties. The resource aims to help investors transition from climate ambition to effective capital allocation.
Research
16 June 2025

Futureproofing industry: Investor priorities for a reformed Safeguard Mechanism

Investor Group on Climate Change
This report outlines investor priorities for reforming Australia's Safeguard Mechanism during the 2026-27 review. It recommends a seven per cent annual decline rate to align with 2035 climate targets, expanding scheme coverage, and implementing financial supports to incentivise on-site abatement over carbon offsets to ensure long-term industrial competitiveness.
Research
12 August 2026

Top-down Climate Finance Needs Data Dashboard

Climate Policy Initiative
Developed by the Climate Policy Initiative, this dashboard provides interactive visualisations of the global financial requirements for climate mitigation and adaptation, helping finance professionals quantify the investment gap.
Online tool/database
15 September 2024

Land GHG Monitoring System

World Resources Institute
A high-resolution geospatial monitoring system from Land & Carbon Lab and WRI that tracks global greenhouse gas emissions and removals across agriculture, forests, and soils to support corporate accounting and climate-smart land management.
Online tool/database
23 September 2026

Embracing carbon uncertainty in portfolio construction

Bank for International Settlements
This research introduces a framework for decarbonising sovereign bond portfolios using 'carbon returns'—treating emissions as random variables rather than deterministic values. By applying a modified Hierarchical Risk Parity algorithm with Expected Shortfall, it effectively balances financial and environmental goals, mitigating climate-related tail risks both in-sample and out-of-sample.
Research
16 June 2026

Carbon Impacts Tracer

The Carbon Impacts Tracer is a scientific tool that links CO2 emissions from specific fossil fuel projects and companies to global warming impacts. It enables users to quantify climate consequences such as heat stress, crop loss, and coral degradation.
Online tool/database

Economics of demand-side and supply-side climate policies

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This research evaluates demand-side and supply-side climate policies, recommending a portfolio that combines carbon use and extraction pricing to mitigate emissions leakage. It emphasises transmission reform, innovation support, and green industrial policies while analysing the domestic and global distributional consequences for low-income and major fossil fuel producing nations.
Research
23 September 2026

Government announced increases in carbon pricing and their implications for corporate valuations

EcoMap
This report explores global corporate environmental costs, finding that unpriced carbon emissions represent a material risk to valuations. Analysing approximately 20,000 companies, it illustrates how projected carbon price increases in jurisdictions like Norway and Canada could significantly erode enterprise values, especially within the aviation and maritime sectors.
Research
13 May 2026

AI-driven productivity gains enable more CO₂ emissions than they avoid in a global energy–economy model

Research using a global energy-economy model indicates that AI-driven productivity gains increase net annual CO2 emissions by 0.47–1.8 gigatonnes under parallel adoption. Enabled emissions from fossil sectors consistently exceed avoided emissions from renewables. Achieving net reductions requires renewable productivity gains to be four to five times greater than fossil gains.
Research
9 April 2026

Clean investment monitor: US update series

Rhodium Group
The Clean Investment Monitor: US Update is a benchmark series providing a comprehensive database of clean energy and transportation investment across the United States. Produced by Rhodium Group and MIT-CEEPR, it tracks the manufacture and deployment of greenhouse gas emission-reducing technologies across manufacturing, energy and industry, and retail segments.
Benchmark/series
11 August 2026

Mobility Diagnosis

ADEME (French Agency for Ecological Transition)
Mobility Diagnosis is an open-source territorial analysis tool supported by ADEME. It helps local authorities and planners design decarbonised transport strategies by centralising data on travel practices and geographical profiles.
Online tool/database

Guidance for voluntary climate change mitigation

New Zealand Government
This guidance outlines expectations for voluntary climate change mitigation in New Zealand. It details six core principles for high-integrity carbon credits, including additionality and permanence. It distinguishes between contribution and exclusive-use claims and clarifies the role of the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and Nationally Determined Contributions.
Research
12 May 2026
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