Library | ESG issues

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, including carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate change. Reducing emissions is vital to mitigating global warming risks and aligning with climate targets like the Paris Agreement, influencing long-term corporate and investment strategies.

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NGFS Phase 5 Scenario Explorer

Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (NGFS)
Web-based platform by NGFS and IIASA providing access to climate scenario data. It enables users to visualise, compare and download time-series data on transition pathways, physical risks and macroeconomic impacts, supporting climate risk analysis, stress testing and financial modelling. Data can be accessed via workspaces, bulk downloads or APIs.
Online tool/database

ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes

Academic Institutions
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (CLEX) is an Australian climate science research centre focused on understanding and predicting climate extremes. It produces research, reports and briefing notes on extreme weather, drought and climate risk, supporting policymakers and industry to assess impacts of climate change and improve resilience and forecasting capabilities.
Organisation
3 research items

Private doubts, collective conformity: the Power and fragility of climate narratives

This article examines why current climate frameworks persist despite widespread professional skepticism, highlighting institutional incentives and “preference falsification” as key drivers. It calls for more open, cross-sector dialogue focused on diagnosing real problems and unlocking practical, system-level solutions.
Article
30 March 2026

Investor climate action plans series

The Investor Agenda
This series provides guidance for investors on developing and assessing climate action plans using the ICAPs Expectations Ladder. It outlines approaches across investment, corporate engagement, policy advocacy, disclosure and governance to support alignment with net zero pathways and improve management of climate-related risks and opportunities.
Benchmark/series
1 October 2024

Corporate climate governance

European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI)
Examines how mandatory climate disclosure regimes reshape corporate governance by integrating climate risk into decision-making. Develops a spectrum from “thin” to “thick” governance, showing a shift towards stakeholder-oriented models, enhanced risk management, and long-term value optimisation, with implications for fiduciary duties and corporate strategy.
Research
29 August 2025

The circular economy: A 'triple play' solution for achieving China's climate objectives

Ellen MacArthur Foundation
The report argues that a circular economy can help China meet climate goals by cutting emissions in hard-to-abate sectors, securing critical materials for renewable energy, and improving climate resilience, while outlining policy actions on design, resource management, investment, measurement, and cross-sector collaboration.
Organisation
23 December 2024

Untapped potential: Asset owners and climate policy influence

InfluenceMap
Assesses major asset owners’ influence on climate policy, finding limited stewardship and advocacy despite significant potential. Most score poorly on climate lobbying oversight and transparency, with few aligning engagement to net zero goals. Highlights gaps in managing asset managers and industry associations, and calls for stronger, coordinated policy engagement.
Research
3 December 2024

How does climate risk affect global equity valuations? A novel approach

EDHEC Climate Institute
The report presents a probabilistic, state-dependent valuation framework for global equities under climate risk, finding that strong abatement could limit revaluation losses to 5–10%, while continued weak abatement could imply declines of around 40%, with tipping points worsening losses.
Research
10 July 2024

Australian financial institutions’ views on climate and clean energy opportunities in South and Southeast Asia

Australian Sustainable Finance Institute (ASFI)
Assesses Australian financial institutions’ views on climate and clean energy investment in South and Southeast Asia, highlighting growth potential, limited current exposure, key risks, and barriers. It emphasises blended finance, policy support, and government intervention to mobilise private capital and scale regional investment.
Research
20 November 2024

Incentivising climate action with executive remuneration in Australia

Investor Group on Climate Change
Provides a framework for linking climate goals to executive remuneration in Australia, emphasising alignment with credible transition strategies, measurable and sector-specific metrics, appropriate weighting, and transparent disclosure. Highlights growing adoption, implementation challenges, and guiding principles to improve investor engagement and incentive effectiveness.
Research
5 November 2024

Taking the lead on climate action and sustainable development: Recommendations for strategic national transition planning at the centre of a whole-of-system climate response

Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
The report outlines principles for national transition planning to drive a coordinated, whole-of-economy shift to net zero. It proposes five pillars—strategy, implementation, engagement, metrics and governance—to align policy, mobilise finance, enhance accountability, and support sustainable development and climate resilience.
Research
20 September 2024

Sustainable and responsible investment for central banks

Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (NGFS)
NGFS reports outline how central banks can integrate sustainable and responsible investment into corporate, sovereign and broader portfolio management, using climate metrics, risk and impact frameworks, governance arrangements and practical implementation guidance, while recognising data gaps, methodological limits and trade-offs with mandates and core investment objectives.
Research
16 May 2024

ASRS first year has landed: Here's what we’re seeing in the market

This article examines how Australian organisations are approaching the first year of mandatory ASRS climate disclosures. It highlights common implementation patterns, areas of misallocated effort, and emerging practices that prioritise financially material, decision-useful climate reporting.
Article
16 March 2026

A method to identify positive tipping points to accelerate low-carbon transitions and actions to trigger them

The report proposes a methodology to identify “positive tipping points” that can accelerate low-carbon transitions. It outlines a framework to assess their likelihood, drivers and proximity, and identifies actions that could trigger self-reinforcing decarbonisation processes to help achieve Paris Agreement climate goals.
Research
7 August 2025

Science in the courtroom: Evidentiary needs in climate litigation

Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
This guide outlines how climate science evidence is used in climate litigation. It explains evidentiary standards, types of scientific evidence and litigation strategies, and provides guidance for courts and litigants on presenting and assessing climate science to support legal claims related to climate change impacts and responsibility.
Research
10 March 2026

Emissions gap report series

United Nations Environment Programme
The Emissions Gap Report is an annual report series by the United Nations Environment Programme that assesses the gap between projected global greenhouse gas emissions and the reductions required to meet the Paris Agreement temperature goals. The series reviews emissions trends, national climate commitments and mitigation policy progress.
Benchmark/series
4 November 2025
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