Library | ESG issues

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, including carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate change. Reducing emissions is vital to mitigating global warming risks and aligning with climate targets like the Paris Agreement, influencing long-term corporate and investment strategies.

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Measuring the impact of data centers in the United States economy: Monetary damage from air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
This NBER working paper quantifies the environmental costs of US data centre electricity use in 2025. Using facility-level data for approximately 2,800 data centres, it estimates gross external damages of $24.6 billion from air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, with Texas and Virginia accounting for 30% of the national total.
Research
1 April 2026

DAX-AEX Futureproof Index Report

Futureproofing Institute
The DAX-AEX Futureproof Index Report is a benchmark series that ranks DAX and AEX-listed companies using an Integrated Value framework combining financial, social, and ecological value. It produces a Futureproofing Ratio to assess long-term corporate value creation and transition risk across sectors and economies.
Benchmark/series
1 May 2026

Global Project Tracker

Mission Possible Partnership (MPP)
MPP's Global Project Tracker maps the global pipeline of commercial-scale, net-zero-aligned clean industrial plants across materials, chemicals and fuels sectors.
Online tool/database

Business breakthrough barometer 2026: The annual pulse check from business on the pace of the climate transition

World Business Council for Sustainable Development
The Business Breakthrough Barometer 2026 surveys over 500 companies on the climate transition, finding 92% expect sustainability to deliver competitive advantage. While investment momentum holds, 68% of leaders see rising risks of a disorderly transition, urging predictable policy strengthening from governments to unlock private capital.
Research
18 June 2026

Airports and aviation emissions: The Airport Tracker as a tool for data-driven advocacy

ODI Global
This policy brief presents findings from the third update to the Airport Tracker, a global inventory covering the world's 1,300 busiest airports. Using 2023 data, it analyses CO₂ and local air pollution from passenger, freight and private jet flights, finding that aviation remains off track to meet net-zero goals.
Research
1 April 2026

Don't mess with the ETS: Priorities for the upcoming EU emissions trading system revision

Carbon Market Watch
Carbon Market Watch presents a 10-point plan for improving the EU Emissions Trading System ahead of its upcoming revision. The report argues against weakening the cap, free allocation phase-out, or the Market Stability Reserve, and calls for expanded coverage of aviation, shipping, and biomass, alongside eliminating fossil fuel subsidies from ETS revenues.
Research
10 May 2026

IEA Methane Tracker Data Tool

International Energy Agency (IEA)
The IEA Methane Tracker Data Tool provides interactive, country-level methane emissions data and enhanced policy tracking across the energy sector.
Online tool/database

The G7 Net Zero Temperature Check

The British Standards Institution (BSI)
BSI's G7 Net Zero Temperature Check benchmarks corporate net zero progress across G7 nations, surveying over 7,000 business leaders on climate strategy and commitments.
Online tool/database

SME Climate Hub

We Mean Business
Free platform helping SMEs measure emissions, build climate action plans, and report progress toward net zero by 2050.
Online tool/database

Annual snapshot series

Climate Leaders Coalition
This benchmark series provides annual snapshots of the Climate Leaders Coalition, tracking how New Zealand businesses are progressing on climate action. It outlines signatories’ commitments, emissions management, climate risk and resilience efforts, collaboration initiatives, and leadership activities supporting the transition to a low-emissions economy.
Benchmark/series
7 May 2026

A guide to the New Zealand emissions trading scheme: 2026 update: Design, evolution, and current state

Motu Economic and Public Policy Research
This guide outlines the design, evolution, and current state of the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme as of March 2026. It covers sectoral coverage, unit supply, price controls, free allocation, forestry, and emissions trends, including recent legislative changes to agricultural obligations and the 2050 biogenic methane target.
Research
17 April 2026

Beyond net zero: The rise of transition plans and what they tell investors

Sustainable Fitch
This Sustainable Fitch report examines the rise of corporate transition plans, driven by regulatory requirements and investor demand. It reviews six mainstream transition planning frameworks, finding alignment on core principles but variation in detail, and analyses around 40 entities, revealing strong Scope 1 and 2 targets but patchy Scope 3 commitments and limited transition revenue.
Research
13 April 2026

DBSA: Financial instrument design for an effective carbon market in South Africa

Climate Policy Initiative
The Development Bank of Southern Africa details two proposed financial instruments to support the domestic voluntary carbon market: a carbon credit-backed bond and a repurchase facility. These tools aim to mobilise private capital, address early-stage funding shortages, and improve liquidity for carbon reduction projects.
Research
29 April 2026

ASCOR Tool

Transition Pathway Initiative
The ASCOR Tool is an investor-led framework for assessing how countries manage the low-carbon transition and the impacts of climate change.
Online tool/database
11 November 2025

Leaning on uncertainty: Are European countries overrelying on carbon removals to reach climate targets?

Carbon Market Watch
This report analyses the climate strategies of six European countries and the European Commission, revealing a risky overreliance on unproven carbon dioxide removal technologies. It highlights fragmented planning, absent feasibility assessments, and policies contradicting scientific advice, warning that current approaches threaten effective climate action.
Research
23 April 2026

Climate litigation as a financial risk: Evidence from a global survey of equity investors

Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
This report surveys 811 global equity investors to assess perceptions of climate litigation as a financial risk. It finds that investors view climate lawsuits as financially material, with effects often manifesting early, such as upon media coverage or filing, and affecting both carbon majors and other sectors.
Research
20 April 2026
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