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Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, including carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate change. Reducing emissions is vital to mitigating global warming risks and aligning with climate targets like the Paris Agreement, influencing long-term corporate and investment strategies.

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Climate Aligned Clauses Library

Chancery Lane Project
A comprehensive library of climate-aligned legal clauses provided by The Chancery Lane Project to help organisations integrate net zero goals into commercial contracts.
Resource hub

Overview of the Japanese GX-ETS and prospects for Phase II

Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI)
This report examines Japan's Green Transformation Emissions Trading Scheme, detailing the transition from a voluntary phase to mandatory participation in April 2026. It analyses Phase II design features, including company-level regulation, benchmark-based allocation, price corridors, and measures for international competitiveness, while outlining future prospects for power sector auctioning.
Research
19 October 2026

The relationship between carbon emissions and wages: Evidence from Japanese manufacturing installations

Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI)
This research examines the relationship between CO₂ emissions and wages in Japanese manufacturing installations from 2006 to 2019. It identifies a positive association when productivity is constant, driven by rent sharing and working conditions. The study highlights significant distributional implications for the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Research
20 October 2026

Russia’s coal industry after 2022: The hidden costs of Putinism’s extractive model

Following 2022 sanctions, Russia’s coal industry lost its sustainable model, incurring over USD 32 billion in cumulative losses. Redirecting exports to Asia proved unprofitable due to high logistics costs and hidden subsidies. Environmental degradation persists, while official methane reporting remains unreliable, requiring independent verification through satellite monitoring.
Research
1 May 2026

Europe’s industrial transformation — From environmental progress to clean competitiveness

European Environment Agency (EEA)
This report evaluates the EU’s industrial transformation, noting a 27% decline in GHG emissions since 2010 despite stagnant circularity rates. It identifies system-readiness barriers, including an annual EUR 30-60 billion funding gap and infrastructure bottlenecks, while proposing strategic options to align decarbonisation with long-term global competitiveness.
Research
25 March 2026

When clean air is sacrificed for global commodities: Indonesia forest and peatland fire facts report 2026

Greenpeace
This report examines the 2026 Indonesia forest and peatland fires, highlighting the failure of restoration efforts and the impact of corporate entities. It details health crises affecting 12.5 million people, significant carbon emissions, and transboundary haze while demanding stricter legal accountability for regional governments and global commodity producers.
Research
4 October 2026

Know your grid: How cleaner electricity shapes real estate capital planning

GRESB
This report explores how grid decarbonisation trajectories influence real estate capital planning. By linking asset-level performance with power sector projections, it identifies optimal sequencing for electrification and efficiency investments. It demonstrates that rapid action is essential for assets on slow-moving grids to mitigate cumulative emission risks.
Research
1 October 2026

C-ROADS Climate Change Policy Simulator

Climate Interactive
C-ROADS is a policy simulation tool developed by Climate Interactive and MIT Sloan to visualise how national emission reduction pledges impact global temperature and sea levels.
Online tool/database

The State of Cities Climate Finance: Part 2: The enabling conditions for mobilising urban climate finance

The World Bank
Produced by the World Bank and CCFLA, this report examines frameworks for mobilising urban climate finance. It introduces a conceptual framework based on country, city, and climate-specific elements. Findings highlight that cities generate 70% of global emissions and require urgent investment through improved planning, fiscal systems, and carbon pricing.
Research
21 June 2021

ERA5 Global Climate Data

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
ERA5 is the fifth-generation global climate reanalysis tool from the Copernicus Climate Change Service, providing hourly estimates of atmospheric, terrestrial, and oceanic variables from 1940 to the present.
Online tool/database
17 January 2019

Spillover: Shell and TotalEnergies' expansive roles in the voluntary carbon market

Carbon Market Watch
This report analyses the extensive involvement of Shell and TotalEnergies in the voluntary carbon market. It highlights how fossil fuel majors use carbon credits to obscure a lack of absolute emissions reductions, while exercising structural influence over credit supply, project development, and market governance.
Research
1 September 2026

Limiting overshoot: Navigating exceedance of 1.5°C and pathways towards return

United Nations Environment Programme
This report examines the inevitability of exceeding the 1.5°C global warming limit and outlines strategies for navigating this overshoot. It details escalating non-linear risks to ecosystems, food security, and infrastructure, while emphasising that urgent mitigation and transformational adaptation are essential to limit peak temperatures and enable a return.
Research
27 August 2026

Corporate net zero targets: have they achieved anything?

Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
This research evaluates the impact of corporate long-term net zero targets on emissions and governance. Analysing nearly 2,000 companies, it finds limited evidence of immediate emissions reductions. However, adoption correlates with improved strategic management, suggesting targets formalise emerging organisational transitions rather than triggering sudden decarbonisation.
Research
28 April 2026

Shelved again: Supermarkets’ missing action on methane

Changing markets foundation
This report assesses 20 global food retailers on their methane reduction efforts. Findings reveal a leadership vacuum, with no supermarket reporting methane emissions or setting specific reduction targets. While European retailers outperform US counterparts, the sector overall fails to address the climate impact of meat and dairy supply chains.
Research
12 April 2026

Building fast. Falling short. Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2025–2026

United Nations Environment Programme
The 2025–2026 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction examines the sector's slow progress toward net-zero targets. Despite rising floor area and investment, building emissions and energy intensity remain off track. The report recommends urgent fossil-fuel phase-outs, upgraded building codes, and increased renewable energy deployment to meet 2030 milestones.
Research
18 May 2026

Life cycle assessment for cotton (country averages, organic, regenerative, recycled)

This research provides regional life cycle assessment data for cotton cultivation and recycling across key global regions. It identifies environmental hotspots, such as nitrogen fertiliser emissions and electricity consumption, while integrating additional sustainability criteria like soil health, biodiversity, and human rights through an LCA+ approach.
Research
24 March 2026
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