Library | ESG issues

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, including carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate change. Reducing emissions is vital to mitigating global warming risks and aligning with climate targets like the Paris Agreement, influencing long-term corporate and investment strategies.

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The green central banking scorecard series

Positive Money
The Green Central Banking Scorecard is a benchmark series that ranks G20 central banks and financial regulators on their progress in integrating environmental considerations into their operations. It assesses institutions across research and advocacy, monetary policy, financial policy, and leading by example categories to encourage a just green transition.
Benchmark/series
14 January 2025

SBTi Corporate Net-Zero Standard version 2.0

Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi)
The SBTi Corporate Net-Zero Standard Version 2.0 provides a framework for science-based target setting and implementation. It introduces an implementation hierarchy, transition planning requirements, and a voluntary Ongoing Emissions Responsibility programme. The standard focuses on context-specific targets and best-efforts delivery to reach net-zero by 2050.
Research
9 June 2026

Investing in tomorrow: The electrification opportunity

New Zealand households and businesses could save $10.7 billion annually by 2040 through electrification. This report details how replacing fossil fuel appliances and vehicles with electric alternatives, supported by solar and batteries, reduces total energy use by 70% and provides cumulative national savings of $95 billion while substantially cutting emissions.
Research
23 August 2024

Oil market report series

International Energy Agency (IEA)
This monthly series provides a comprehensive analysis of global oil market fundamentals, including supply, demand, refinery throughputs, and price developments. Produced by the International Energy Agency, it offers detailed data and forecasts to support evidence-based decision-making. This document is part of a benchmark series.
Benchmark/series
13 May 2026

Smarter, leaner, cleaner: Direct reduced iron and the future of American steel

Ceres
Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) is the most cost-effective new-build investment for the American steel sector. This analysis confirms that natural-gas-based DRI meets investment hurdles across all regions, offering a 15% real return and significant emissions reductions while providing flexibility for future hydrogen integration.
Research
7 August 2026

BSI Net Zero Barometer Report Series

The British Standards Institution (BSI)
This benchmark series examines the UK business landscape's transition to net zero. It tracks commitment levels, drivers, and barriers among senior decision-makers. The research explores how organisations are reframing sustainability as a commercial necessity and highlights the demand for government support, financial incentives, and standardised guidance to achieve 2050 targets.
Benchmark/series
14 April 2026

Global EV Outlook series

International Energy Agency (IEA)
This benchmark series monitors recent developments in electric mobility across the globe. Produced annually, the report examines deployment of vehicles and infrastructure, battery demand, and policy developments. It evaluates the implications of growing adoption for energy consumption and emissions across major and emerging markets.
Benchmark/series
19 May 2026

Global Methane Tracker 2026

International Energy Agency (IEA)
The International Energy Agency report analyses global energy-related methane emissions, highlighting 124 million tonnes emitted in 2025. It examines abatement strategies, satellite data advancements and policy trends. The research underscores that 30% of emissions could be reduced at no net cost, advocating for robust international standards and increased transparency.
Research
4 May 2026

IBM Envizi Emissions

IBM Institute for Business Value
IBM Envizi Emissions is a data analytics platform and API that automates GHG Protocol-aligned emissions calculations. It enables organisations to integrate auditable ESG data into reporting workflows and performance management.
Online tool/database
28 April 2026

Best practice transition plans for listed equity asset managers

Most listed equity managers now have a target. Fewer have a plan that shows how it will be met. By January 2024, 264 Net Zero Asset Managers signatories had had their targets reviewed. Method is no longer the hard part.
Article
4 September 2026

Climate change mitigation and adaptation: What works for data centres? Part 3

EDHEC Business School
This report evaluates climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for data centres using the ClimaTech database. It assesses the effectiveness of decarbonisation across three scopes and analyses resilience measures for flood, storm, heat, and wildfire risks, providing quantitative performance metrics for various technological solutions.
Research
8 April 2026

Harmonized calculations methods for product carbon footprints and life cycle assessments in the mining and metals industry

This research presents methodological recommendations for harmonising product carbon footprint and life cycle assessment calculations across the mining and metals industry. Developed with the International Council on Mining and Metals, it establishes consistent guidelines for 17 aspects, including system boundaries, electricity modelling, and multi-output allocation procedures.
Research
11 March 2026

Tracking methane action in the dairy and coffee sector

Changing markets foundation
This benchmark series evaluates the progress of leading dairy and coffee companies in addressing methane emissions. It assesses corporate targets, disclosure practices, and reduction strategies within the food sector. The research provides a comparative analysis of industry performance against global climate commitments to encourage transparency and accountability.
Benchmark/series
1 May 2026

Global sustainable investment review series

Global Sustainable Investment Alliance
This benchmark series provides a factual mapping of the state of responsible and sustainable investment across major global financial markets. Produced biennially, it offers regional insights and policy recommendations to help finance professionals navigate evolving regulatory frameworks, standardised methodologies, and the transition to a net-zero economy through international cooperation.
Benchmark/series
6 November 2025

ICMA's guidance handbooks series

International Capital Market Association
This guidance series provides a comprehensive set of questions and answers regarding the application of the Green Bond Principles, Social Bond Principles, Sustainability Bond Guidelines, and Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles. It serves as a benchmark series for the sustainable bond market, promoting transparency and standardisation across various financial debt instruments.
Benchmark/series
18 June 2026

Corporate Health Check 2026: The annual state of Earth-positive business action

CDP
The CDP 2026 Corporate Health Check, produced with Oliver Wyman, demonstrates that environmental leadership aligns with financial performance. While a 15% leadership cohort achieves 4% annual emission reductions, a major gap persists in adaptation finance. The report identifies four key levers for building resilience and capturing emerging commercial opportunities.
Research
12 February 2026
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