Library | ESG issues

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, including carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate change. Reducing emissions is vital to mitigating global warming risks and aligning with climate targets like the Paris Agreement, influencing long-term corporate and investment strategies.

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Oxford climate policy monitor: 2025 annual review

University of Oxford
Assesses climate policies across 37 jurisdictions and six domains, finding overall strengthening despite political pressures, but slow implementation. Highlights rising policy leadership in developing regions and persistent gaps in ambition and execution relative to Paris Agreement targets.
Research
25 November 2025

Australian taxonomy-aligned debt guidance: Issuing use-of-proceeds debt under the Australian sustainable finance taxonomy

Australian Sustainable Finance Institute (ASFI)
Guidance explains applying the Australian sustainable finance taxonomy to use-of-proceeds debt, outlining classification, allocation, and disclosure requirements. It details technical screening criteria, Do No Significant Harm and social safeguards, and supports consistent, transparent identification of climate-aligned investments for issuers and investors.
Research
23 March 2026

Energy technology perspectives series

International Energy Agency (IEA)
The Energy Technology Perspectives is a series by the IEA that provides analysis of global energy systems, focusing on the development, deployment and innovation of clean energy technologies and their role in achieving sustainable, secure and low-emissions energy transitions across sectors and regions.
Benchmark/series
2 April 2026

The Climateworks guide to credibility for corporate climate transition plans

Climateworks Centre
Provides an Australian-focused framework for assessing the credibility of corporate climate transition plans, outlining principles, criteria and disclosure expectations. It supports companies, investors and regulators in evaluating emissions targets, governance, strategy alignment and risk management within mandatory climate reporting and net zero transition planning.
Research
7 July 2025

Governing for net zero: The board's role in organisational transition planning

Australian Institute of Company Directors
This report guides Australian boards on integrating net zero transition planning into strategy, governance, disclosure and stakeholder engagement. It outlines directors’ legal duties, mandatory climate reporting requirements, and practical oversight questions to help organisations manage climate-related risks, opportunities and implementation.
Research
14 July 2025

Naturebase

The Nature Conservancy
Naturebase is a free, science-based platform that maps where and how to implement nature-based solutions. It provides data on carbon mitigation potential, biodiversity and social benefits, alongside policy guidance and case studies, enabling investors and policymakers to identify, assess and finance high-integrity climate and nature projects.
Research

Working with uncertainty in climate planning and adaptation

ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes
Explains how uncertainty in climate models affects adaptation planning, highlighting assumptions, variability, model limitations and downscaling challenges. Emphasises using scenarios and probability approaches to inform decisions, while recognising incomplete knowledge and the need for cautious, context-specific interpretation of projections.
Research
16 May 2024

Global literature review and survey of implementation constraints on natural climate solutions

Global review and project survey of natural climate solutions across 137 countries finds implementation is constrained mainly by social-behavioural, knowledge, and government or organisational barriers, especially weak policy coordination and implementation capacity. Without targeted enabling measures, near-term mitigation will remain below biophysical potential.
Research
14 March 2026

Sustainable Finance Roundup March 2026: Markets, Climate Risk, and the Transition in Practice

This month’s sustainability roundup captures a shift from framework development to real-world application, where climate and nature risks are increasingly embedded across financial systems, legal accountability, and decision-making. It highlights how intensifying physical climate signals, evolving disclosures, and maturing litigation are converging with insights on sovereign risk, energy systems, and corporate strategy. Together, these developments show how sustainability is moving beyond principle—being tested, priced, and enforced across markets, regulation, and the real economy.
Article
31 March 2026

NGFS Phase 5 Scenario Explorer

Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (NGFS)
Web-based platform by NGFS and IIASA providing access to climate scenario data. It enables users to visualise, compare and download time-series data on transition pathways, physical risks and macroeconomic impacts, supporting climate risk analysis, stress testing and financial modelling. Data can be accessed via workspaces, bulk downloads or APIs.
Online tool/database

ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes

Academic Institutions
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (CLEX) is an Australian climate science research centre focused on understanding and predicting climate extremes. It produces research, reports and briefing notes on extreme weather, drought and climate risk, supporting policymakers and industry to assess impacts of climate change and improve resilience and forecasting capabilities.
Organisation
3 research items

Private doubts, collective conformity: the Power and fragility of climate narratives

This article examines why current climate frameworks persist despite widespread professional skepticism, highlighting institutional incentives and “preference falsification” as key drivers. It calls for more open, cross-sector dialogue focused on diagnosing real problems and unlocking practical, system-level solutions.
Article
30 March 2026

Investor climate action plans series

The Investor Agenda
This series provides guidance for investors on developing and assessing climate action plans using the ICAPs Expectations Ladder. It outlines approaches across investment, corporate engagement, policy advocacy, disclosure and governance to support alignment with net zero pathways and improve management of climate-related risks and opportunities.
Benchmark/series
1 October 2024

Corporate climate governance

European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI)
Examines how mandatory climate disclosure regimes reshape corporate governance by integrating climate risk into decision-making. Develops a spectrum from “thin” to “thick” governance, showing a shift towards stakeholder-oriented models, enhanced risk management, and long-term value optimisation, with implications for fiduciary duties and corporate strategy.
Research
29 August 2025

The circular economy: A 'triple play' solution for achieving China's climate objectives

Ellen MacArthur Foundation
The report argues that a circular economy can help China meet climate goals by cutting emissions in hard-to-abate sectors, securing critical materials for renewable energy, and improving climate resilience, while outlining policy actions on design, resource management, investment, measurement, and cross-sector collaboration.
Organisation
23 December 2024

Untapped potential: Asset owners and climate policy influence

InfluenceMap
Assesses major asset owners’ influence on climate policy, finding limited stewardship and advocacy despite significant potential. Most score poorly on climate lobbying oversight and transparency, with few aligning engagement to net zero goals. Highlights gaps in managing asset managers and industry associations, and calls for stronger, coordinated policy engagement.
Research
3 December 2024
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