This report analyses satellite-based land surface temperature and population exposure across 1400 global cities between 2002 and 2021. Findings indicate that urban surface temperatures rose significantly, with climate change amplifying heat exposure by 82% relative to population growth alone, particularly affecting continental and arid regions.

This research identifies a global shift in flash drought drivers from precipitation deficits to a compound effect of warming and vegetation greening. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing has triggered a surge in these rapid-onset events since 2017, exposing approximately 650 million people and significantly reducing terrestrial carbon productivity.

This study analyses 2023 flight data to evaluate aviation carbon efficiency. Findings suggest that operating routes at demonstrated optima could reduce emissions by 10.7%. Significant reductions are achievable through efficient aircraft models, all-economy layouts, and 95% load factors, offering a robust pathway for decarbonisation without limiting transport capacity.

Climate change is an immediate macro-financial force reshaping global markets. Using a quantitative framework, this research demonstrates that a 3°C warming scenario could increase the equity risk premium by 15–25% and temporarily depress real risk-free rates. It highlights structural implications for long-duration asset valuations and global financial stability.

This briefing evaluates the economic feasibility of e-petrol for passenger vehicles in Europe. It finds that e-petrol will cost approximately four times more than fossil fuels by 2030, making it unaffordable for most drivers compared to battery-electric alternatives. The report recommends prioritising e-fuels for aviation and shipping instead.

This research analyses annual reports from Shell, BP, TotalEnergies, and ExxonMobil between 2016 and 2022. It identifies how companies use mixed-sentiment messaging and doublespeak to link renewable energy with fossil fuels. These discursive strategies obstruct climate action and delay the necessary phase-out of fossil fuels.

This IEEFA report warns that Germany's overoptimistic hydrogen demand projections risk creating a €45 billion fiscal liability. Building oversized infrastructure ahead of demand shifts costs to taxpayers via the amortisation account. It recommends prioritising liquid derivative imports and gating pipeline expansion to verified industrial demand to protect long-term competitiveness.

This research assesses the societal value of bottom trawling in Europe, finding annual net costs up to €16 billion. Significant climate impacts from disturbed seabed carbon outweigh private profits. The study highlights substantial trawling within Marine Protected Areas and suggests redirecting subsidies to support an industry transition.

This report examines India's renewable energy financing landscape, detailing the transition from non-banking financial companies to commercial banks and international bond markets. It analyses falling solar tariffs, historical funding barriers, and emerging opportunities in energy storage and rooftop solar necessary to achieve India's 2070 net-zero mandate.

Asia-Pacific developing economies grew 4.6% in 2025, with growth projected to slow to 4.0% in 2026. This report outlines a three-step framework to align energy transitions with socioeconomic prosperity, leveraging fiscal policy, political economy insights, and behavioural science nudges to ensure long-term regional stability.

This survey of 60 investors highlights the evolution of India's sustainable debt market, which surpassed USD60bn in issuances by late 2025. It identifies a shift towards climate opportunities, the necessity of a national taxonomy, and recommendations for regulators to implement minimum climate allocation thresholds to mobilise domestic capital.

This report evaluates 102 climate adaptation activities using a benefit-cost framework, highlighting a US$1 trillion market for resilience technologies. It provides sector-specific internal rates of return and outlines strategies for integrating adaptation as a quality factor and risk hedge within institutional investment portfolios.

This report maps the exposure of bond issuers to Indonesia’s 2026 fires and subsequent regulatory actions in Indonesia and Singapore. It categorises companies by operational or commercial exposure, highlighting potential financial risks from production losses, certification disputes, and tightening credit conditions for entities linked to transboundary haze.

This research identifies a USD66.8 billion annual gap in tropical forest finance by 2030. It evaluates the Tropical Forest Forever Facility as an innovative model for predictable payments for standing forests and recommends landscape-scale approaches and direct funding for Indigenous Peoples to secure biodiversity and climate stability.

This research identifies ten retail banks in Australia that provided AU$74.4 billion to fossil fuel companies in 2023. While 85 banks avoid such financing, major institutions dominate the market. The report highlights a disconnect between consumer desire for a clean energy transition and continued bank support for fossil fuels.

This report examines the 'missing middle' segment of Australia’s commercial and industrial energy sector. It identifies critical regulatory, connection, and financial barriers hindering distributed energy resource deployment. Key recommendations include standardising connection processes, reforming network tariffs, and establishing a credible certificate price signal to incentivise investment.