Library | ESG issues
Biodiversity
Biodiversity encompasses the variety of life on Earth, forming the ecosystems that support human well-being and economic activity. All industries rely on healthy ecosystems for resources and services, making biodiversity preservation critical for economic stability. Biodiversity loss introduces material risks including supply chain disruptions, regulatory challenges, and reputational damage, while also creating investment opportunities in biodiversity restoration and natural resource management.
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Collective power: The struggle for protection for land and environmental defenders
Global Witness reports that 124 land and environmental defenders were killed in 2025, bringing the total since 2012 to 2,375. Colombia remains the deadliest country. The report advocates for collective protection mechanisms and highlights the criminalisation of Indigenous communities resisting land grabs in Peru and Indonesia.
The Green Scorpion: the macro-criticality of nature for finance
This research establishes a framework for assessing physical nature-related financial risks through scenario-based analysis. It highlights that nature loss, particularly water-related risks, creates significant macro-criticality for economies, with potentially 7-9% of global GDP at risk. The paper provides building blocks for central banks to prioritise and mitigate these systemic risks.
The Global Forest Goals report 2026
The Global Forest Goals Report 2026 assesses progress towards 26 targets. While protected areas and management plans have expanded, the world remains off track in halting deforestation and eradicating poverty. The report recommends scaling up innovative financing and strengthening cross-sectoral governance to preserve vital forest ecosystems by 2030.
The value of bottom trawling in Europe
This research assesses the societal value of bottom trawling in Europe, finding annual net costs up to €16 billion. Significant climate impacts from disturbed seabed carbon outweigh private profits. The study highlights substantial trawling within Marine Protected Areas and suggests redirecting subsidies to support an industry transition.
Scaling tropical forest finance: Perspectives from the Amazon Basin, the Congo Basin, and Borneo
This research identifies a USD66.8 billion annual gap in tropical forest finance by 2030. It evaluates the Tropical Forest Forever Facility as an innovative model for predictable payments for standing forests and recommends landscape-scale approaches and direct funding for Indigenous Peoples to secure biodiversity and climate stability.
Implementing the EPBC Act: Recommendations to support better, faster decisions for renewable energy projects
This report provides recommendations from the Clean Energy Investor Group to improve decision-making under Australia's reformed EPBC Act. It advocates for consistent administration, better data usage, and the finalisation of regulatory frameworks. The objective is to facilitate efficient renewable energy project approvals while strengthening environmental protection outcomes.
Growing resilience: Nature-based solutions for adaptation
This report assesses eleven Nature-based Solutions projects in Sub-Saharan Africa using the IUCN Global Standard. It evaluates contributions to climate adaptation, biodiversity, and gender equality. Key recommendations include integrating maladaptation risk assessments, extending project timelines, and aligning local actions with national policy frameworks to ensure sustainable resilience.
Mobilising private finance for nature: Learning from large-scale nature investment vehicles
This report analyses 54 nature investment vehicles to evaluate their effectiveness in mobilising institutional private capital. It identifies sector concentration in forestry and agriculture and highlights gaps in marine ecosystems. The findings emphasise the necessity of blended finance and technical assistance to scale nature-positive investments effectively.
Asking better questions on nature: For bank chief risk officers and risk committees
This guide helps bank chief risk officers and risk committees manage nature-related financial risks and opportunities. Developed by the TNFD and UNEP FI, it details how to integrate nature into risk frameworks, evaluate portfolio dependencies, and respond to evolving global regulations and investor expectations.
The TNFD LEAP approach in practice: Assessing water-related dependencies, impacts, risks and opportunities across the AI value chain
This report examines the application of the TNFD LEAP approach in the technology sector, focusing on water risks within AI infrastructure. Through case studies of financial institutions and corporates, it identifies dependencies across semiconductor manufacturing and data centres, offering strategies to manage nature-related risks and opportunities.
The climate-biodiversity-pollution nexus: The pricing of environmental credit risks for European industrial polluters
This study of 832 euro area banks indicates that lenders are increasingly factoring pollution-induced biodiversity risks into their decisions. Banks primarily mitigate these exposures by lowering loan-to-value ratios, particularly for companies operating near protected areas or those linked to water quality failures. This trend reflects growing regulatory and financial awareness.
Nature-related risks and the Australian real estate sector – one step forward, two steps back?
This exploratory study analyses how ten major Australian real estate companies disclose and manage nature-related financial risks. It finds low engagement and nascent practices, with many companies winding back initial commitments. The authors suggest that mandatory standards and policy reforms are essential to drive significant corporate action on biodiversity loss.
Guidance on the identification and assessment of nature-related issues: The LEAP approach series
The Guidance on the Identification and Assessment of Nature-related Issues: The LEAP Approach series, published by the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD), provides a structured methodology for organisations and financial institutions to identify, evaluate, manage and report nature-related dependencies, impacts, risks and opportunities.
Response to the Commonwealth Government’s consultation on Exposure Draft Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Amendment (2026 Measures No 2) Regulations 2026
The Clean Energy Investor Group (CEIG) responds to the Commonwealth Government’s consultation on EPBC Act reform. Representing a $14 billion renewable energy portfolio, CEIG advocates for sector-specific guidance, improved National EPA resourcing, and clearer streamlined assessment criteria to ensure a predictable and efficient transition to a clean energy future.
Investor expectations of companies on deforestation
This report details investor expectations for companies to eliminate deforestation and associated human rights risks. Using a five-pillar framework—Commit, Assess, Transform, Engage, and Disclose—it aims to mitigate material financial risks while building supply chain resilience and supporting international climate and biodiversity targets by 2030.
Nature-related financial risks and central bank risk management
This research examines how nature-related risks affect the financial system and central bank risk management. It provides empirical evidence of biodiversity risk pricing in Eurozone corporate bonds and proposes a four-stage framework—identification, assessment, mitigation, and disclosure—to help central banks protect their balance sheets and maintain financial stability.
