Library | ESG issues
Biodiversity
Biodiversity encompasses the variety of life on Earth, forming the ecosystems that support human well-being and economic activity. All industries rely on healthy ecosystems for resources and services, making biodiversity preservation critical for economic stability. Biodiversity loss introduces material risks including supply chain disruptions, regulatory challenges, and reputational damage, while also creating investment opportunities in biodiversity restoration and natural resource management.
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Sustainable Finance Roundup December 2025: Nature, Regulation, and the Hardening of Risk
This month’s sustainable finance roundup traces the shift from ambition to enforcement, as climate and nature risks become financial, regulatory and legal realities. It covers Australia’s environmental law reforms, the embedding of climate and nature risk through prudential supervision, disclosure and shareholder pressure, and insurer warnings on the limits of insurability. It also highlights how markets are responding to deforestation and biodiversity risk, and how litigation and regulation are reshaping governance and long-term financial resilience.
Making money talk nicely: Biodiversity impact assessment for investors
This study compares eight biodiversity impact assessment tools used by investors. It finds low consistency in company rankings due to non-standardised methods, weak transparency and limited validation, concluding that reliance on single tools risks mispricing nature-related financial risk and calling for improved disclosures and spatially explicit approaches.
Our predicament: The fundamental flaws of predominant economic systems - and the cultures scaffolding them
This report synthesises interviews with global thinkers to diagnose structural flaws in dominant economic systems. It argues that extractive capitalism, growth imperatives, inequality and ecological overshoot underpin a planetary predicament, and frames the challenge as navigation towards regenerative, responsibility-based economies rather than problem-solving.
Corporate manual: For setting science-based targets for nature
This manual provides practical guidance for companies to set science-based targets for nature, outlining a structured, science-led process to assess impacts, prioritise actions, and set targets across land, freshwater, climate, and biodiversity, supporting credible, transparent corporate sustainability action.
Long-term impact and biological recovery in a deep-sea mining track
The study finds that deep-sea mining disturbance leaves long-lasting physical impacts, with partial biological recovery after 44 years. Some mobile and sessile fauna have re-established, but communities remain altered. Plume effects are limited, yet track disturbance persists, indicating slow ecosystem recovery and informing future management.
Assessment of the biodiversity impacts and dependencies of globally listed companies
The report assesses biodiversity impacts and ecosystem service dependencies of 2,369 globally listed companies using multiple footprinting tools. It finds impacts highly concentrated among few firms, driven mainly by climate change, pollution and land use, with food, energy and chemicals sectors prioritised for investor engagement.
A just world on a safe planet: A Lancet Planetary Health–Earth Commission report on Earth-system boundaries, translations, and transformations
The Lancet Planetary Health Earth Commission report quantifies eight safe and just ESBs for biosphere, climate, nutrients, freshwater, and aerosols. Seven ESBs transgressed globally. Defines safe and just corridor for minimum resource access amid transformations to avert harm to health and planet.
The Other Half of the Transition: Why Livestock Deserves as Much Attention as Energy
This article highlights the major climate impact of livestock and explains why the absence of clear roadmaps, metrics, and financing strategies has left the sector far behind the energy transition. It proposes policy reforms, mitigation hierarchies, and justice-centered pathways to unlock effective and equitable change.
Institute for Sustainable Finance (ISF)
Institute for Sustainable Finance (ISF) at Smith School of Business, Queen’s University, is Canada’s first multi-disciplinary hub aligning finance with environmental sustainability. It conducts research, publishes policy guidance, and runs education and collaboration programmes to help policymakers, investors, and firms integrate climate risk, nature, and ESG considerations into capital allocation and regulation.
Conservation International (CI)
Conservation International (CI) is a global non-profit that champions nature conservation to benefit both biodiversity and human societies. It uses science, fieldwork, policy and finance to protect critical land and marine ecosystems. Since 1987, CI has helped safeguard 13 million km² of land and sea across more than 70 countries.
BirdLife International
BirdLife International, a global partnership of over 120 bird and nature conservation organisations, works worldwide to conserve bird species, protect vital habitats, and sustain biodiversity. Through science-based research, habitat protection and community engagement, BirdLife helps prevent species extinction and supports ecosystem health across continents.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is a global membership Union—comprising governments, NGOs and civil-society organisations—that works to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN mobilises a network of over 1,400 Member organisations and around 16,000 experts worldwide. IUCN monitors species and ecosystems, develops data-driven policy guidance, and supports conservation and restoration projects across lands, oceans, freshwater systems and climate-sensitive regions.
World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (WDPCA)
World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (WDPCA): A global database maintained by UNEP‑WCMC (in partnership with IUCN and other bodies), combining terrestrial, inland-water, coastal and marine protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs).
Brighter Green
Brighter Green is a New-York-based public policy action tank advocating for equity, sustainability and rights. It conducts research and promotes policy reform addressing environmental protection, animal welfare, biodiversity, climate and food-system justice — especially in the global South.
Center for Biological Diversity
Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) works to secure a future for all species by using science, law and creative media to protect endangered animals, plants and their habitats. CBD has helped gain federal protections for over 720 species and secured more than half a billion acres of critical habitat across the globe.
Indigenous and local communities’ initiatives have transformative potential to guide shifts toward sustainability in South America
The study examines 127 Indigenous and local community initiatives in Ecuador, Peru and Colombia, identifying three clusters with strong transformative potential. These initiatives use co-designed knowledge and relational values to advance cultural and ecological stewardship, demonstrating significant capacity to influence sustainable, just development pathways.