Library | ESG issues

Climate Change

Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.

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Canadian pension climate report card series

Shift: Action for Pension Wealth and Planet Health
Grades 11 Canadian pension funds on climate performance across six indicators including net-zero targets, fossil fuel exclusions, and climate engagement.
Benchmark/series
1 January 2026

Global landscape of climate finance series

Climate Policy Initiative
The Global Landscape of Climate Finance is a benchmark series by Climate Policy Initiative that tracks global climate finance flows, examining the sources, financial instruments, sectors, uses and geographic distribution of public and private investment supporting climate mitigation, adaptation and resilience.
Benchmark/series
3 August 2026

10 New insights in climate science series

Future Earth
The 10 New Insights in Climate Science is an annual series that synthesises recent peer-reviewed climate research across natural and social sciences. It provides a concise, policy-relevant overview of emerging scientific developments to inform decision-makers, practitioners, and stakeholders engaged in climate policy, finance, and governance.
Benchmark/series
21 January 2026

Benchmarking impact: Australian impact investor insights activity and performance series

Impact Investing Australia
Benchmarking Impact is a benchmark series that provides a structured, recurring assessment of Australia’s impact investing market. It examines investor activity, market practices, and product development to support comparability over time and inform understanding of how impact investing is evolving across the financial system.
Benchmark/series
15 October 2025

The global tipping points series

Global Systems Institute (University of Exeter)
The Global Tipping Points Report is a research series examining Earth system tipping points and positive tipping dynamics. It synthesises interdisciplinary evidence on systemic risks, governance considerations and pathways for transformation, supporting decision-makers in understanding non-linear climate and environmental change across global systems.
Benchmark/series
11 October 2025

State of supply chain sustainability series

MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics
The State of Supply Chain Sustainability is an annual benchmark series that examines how organisations define, govern, and implement environmental and social sustainability across global supply chains. It provides a consistent research framework to track evolving practices, pressures, and management approaches over time.
Benchmark/series
13 November 2025

Planetary health check series

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
The Planetary Health Check is an annual benchmark series providing a consistent, science-based assessment of the Earth system. It applies the Planetary Boundaries framework to monitor planetary stability, resilience, and life-support functions, supporting comparability over time and informing policy, finance, and strategic decision-making and Planetary Boundaries Science is a research lab within the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), focused on advancing scientific understanding of the planetary boundaries framework. It does not operate as an independent organisation and should be covered under PIK’s institutional profile.
Benchmark/series
5 November 2025

Voices of Aotearoa: Demand for ethical investment in New Zealand series

Mindful Money
This annual research series examines public attitudes, expectations and behaviours relating to ethical, responsible and impact investing in New Zealand. It tracks how consumers engage with investment choices, transparency, fund practices and adviser interactions, providing a consistent evidence base to monitor evolving demand over time.
Benchmark/series
7 April 2025

State of global water resources series

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
The State of Global Water Resources is an annual benchmark series produced by the World Meteorological Organization. It provides a consistent, global overview of freshwater conditions across key components of the hydrological cycle, supporting comparative assessment and decision-making across regions and time.
Benchmark/series
18 September 2025

Carbon Market Watch

Issue Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Carbon Market Watch is an independent climate policy NGO focused on carbon markets, offsets and climate finance integrity. It monitors EU and global climate policies, produces research and policy analysis, and advocates for robust carbon market rules that protect environmental integrity, human rights and ambition across voluntary and compliance systems.
Organisation
3 research items

World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)

Scientific Bodies
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) is an international initiative advancing climate science and Earth system understanding. It coordinates global research on climate variability, change, extremes and predictability, producing authoritative reports, data and science events that inform policy, risk assessment and climate-resilient decision-making worldwide across sectors and regions for society globally.
Organisation
1 research item

The state of the climate series

This benchmark series provides concise annual assessments of the global climate, using consistent scientific indicators to monitor environmental conditions, human pressures, and system responses. It is designed to support structured analysis and comparison over time for researchers, policymakers, and finance and sustainability professionals.
Benchmark/series
8 October 2024

Peoples' climate vote series

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
The Peoples’ Climate Vote is a global survey series capturing public perspectives on climate change, policy priorities and collective action. Led by international institutions, it provides a consistent framework to understand how people experience climate impacts and how they expect governments, businesses and global actors to respond.
Benchmark/series
13 August 2024

Banking on climate chaos series

Banking on Climate Chaos Coalition (BOCC)
The Banking on Climate Chaos is a multi-year research series assessing how major global banks finance fossil fuel activities. It provides a consistent framework to review lending and underwriting linked to fossil fuels and expansion, supporting year-on-year comparison and broader analysis of banking practices.
Benchmark/series
26 June 2025

Endowment impact benchmark series

Intentional Endowments Network
The Endowment Impact Benchmark is a benchmark series that provides a structured assessment and benchmarking framework for endowments and foundations. It evaluates policies, governance, management and transparency related to sustainable and impact investing, enabling consistent comparison and ongoing progress tracking across participating institutions.
Benchmark/series
21 February 2025

Net zero atlas series

FTSE Russell
The COP Net Zero Atlas is an annual research series examining transition and physical climate risks across major economies. It provides a structured framework to assess national climate commitments, policy pathways and exposure to climate hazards, supporting comparative analysis for investors and policymakers.
Benchmark/series
1 November 2024
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