Library | ESG issues
Climate Change
Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.
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Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) is a leading interdisciplinary German research institute advancing the science of climate impacts and global sustainability. With around 480 international staff, PIK conducts Earth-system modelling, integrated analysis and policy advisory to support evidence-based climate solutions. Member of the Leibniz Association.
Copernicus interactive climate atlas (C3S atlas)
The Copernicus Interactive Climate Atlas (C3S Atlas) is a web‑based tool from the Copernicus Climate Change Service offering flexible exploration of past, present and future climate data. It integrates observational, reanalysis and projection datasets, and allows users to customise regional analyses and visualise key climate variables via maps, charts and time series.
Institute of Physics of Cantabria (IFCA)
Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA) is a joint research centre of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and University of Cantabria. Established in 1995, IFCA specialises in particle physics, astrophysics, cosmology, advanced computing and instrumentation. It publishes 200+ annual papers and leads internationally funded frontier‑science projects.
Predictia Intelligent Data Solutions
Predictia delivers AI‑powered custom software for climate, weather and health data. Founded in 2008 as a spin‑off from the University of Cantabria, it specialises in data management, modelling and visualisation across sectors such as Earth sciences, remote sensing and industry 4.0, supporting informed decision‑making for adaptation and mitigation.
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) delivers authoritative, free-to-access climate data, tools and projections. It supports EU adaptation and mitigation policy by providing accurate information on past, present and future climate. Serving scientists, policymakers, media and public, C3S enables informed climate action via trusted Earth-observation insights.
Climate impact explorer
The Climate Impact Explorer is a web‑based visualisation tool by Climate Analytics that presents maps and graphs of projected climate‑change impacts such as temperature, precipitation and economic damages across global regions and provinces under different warming levels (e.g. 1.5 °C, 2 °C) and emission scenarios.
Sizing the inevitable investment opportunity: Climate adaptation
This report estimates the climate adaptation market will grow from US\$1tn in 2024 to US\$4tn by 2050, with US\$2tn driven by global warming. Investment opportunities could reach US\$9tn, spanning emerging and established solutions, largely resilient to climate scenario differences over the next 25 years.
Local sea-level projections
This tool shows local sea-level projections (relative to 2000) using tide-gauge and gridded data from Kopp et al (2014), extended by Rasmussen et al (2018) and Bamber et al (2019). It provides scenarios labelled RCP26, RCP45 and RCP85, with uncertainty ranges and attention to regional differences.
GRI risk viewer
The Global Resilience Index (GRI) Risk Viewer provides global‑scale risk metrics across hazard, exposure and vulnerability to assess risks to people, planet and prosperity via open, publicly available datasets.
Oxford Programme for Sustainable Infrastructure Systems (OPSIS)
Oxford Programme for Sustainable Infrastructure Systems (OPSIS) delivers research and education on resilient, sustainable infrastructure across energy, transport, water and digital systems. Based at the University of Oxford’s Environmental Change Institute, OPSIS develops system‑of‑systems models to assess climate risks and support data‑driven decision‑making for infrastructure resilience.
Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC)
GIC (Government of Singapore Investment Corporation) is a global long-term sovereign investor managing Singapore’s foreign reserves. Established in 1981, it delivers disciplined, diversified portfolio management across equities, fixed income, real estate and infrastructure. Committed to preserving and enhancing long-term purchasing power, GIC emphasises risk management and sustainable investing.
Greenhouse Gas Protocol
GHG Protocol (Greenhouse Gas Protocol) sets globally recognised greenhouse-gas accounting standards and guidance. Developed by World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development, it enables businesses, governments and cities to measure, report and manage emissions—covering operations, value chains and mitigation actions across Scopes 1, 2 and 3.
Guidance for leveraging the Singapore-Asia taxonomy in green and transition financing
This report provides practical guidance for applying the Singapore-Asia Taxonomy (SAT) in green and transition financing. It addresses data gaps, evolving criteria, transition plans, and scenarios where full alignment with SAT is not possible, promoting credible financing practices across Southeast Asia’s key sectors.
Singapore Sustainable Finance Association (SSFA)
Singapore Sustainable Finance Association (SSFA) supports Singapore’s emergence as a trusted, vibrant and inclusive sustainable‑finance centre. Established in January 2024 by Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and financial industry stakeholders, SSFA drives collaboration across financial, corporate and academic sectors via workstreams on taxonomy, carbon markets, transition finance, blended finance and natural capital.
Unlocking the sustainable transition for agribusiness
This report examines how entrenched political and market structures hinder agribusinesses from transitioning to sustainable models. It identifies three systemic “lock-ins” and outlines how policy reforms, financial incentives, and political commitment can unlock agribusiness potential to drive food system transformation at scale and pace.
Mobilising institutional capital towards the SDGs and a Just Transition
This report outlines pathways for mobilising institutional capital towards the Sustainable Development Goals and a Just Transition. It focuses on investment vehicles, emerging markets, and private asset classes, providing practical recommendations, case studies, and frameworks to integrate environmental, social, and community considerations into scalable, impactful financial strategies.
