Library | ESG issues

Climate Change

Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.

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Net Environmental Contribution (NEC) metric

This tool measures the environmental impact of economic activity, company, or sector, to deliver a net contribution value on -100% to +100% scale, using physical data from across the value chain. It can be applied at company, portfolio, index, product/source levels. Includes qualitative and quantitative criteria on biodiversity.
Online tool/database

SBTN sector materiality tool

United Nations Environment Programme
The aim of the Sectoral Materiality Tool is to help users carry out a first screening of what types of environmental impact are potentially materially relevant to their sector and their company's activities, as part of Step 1a of the SBTN guidance.
Online tool/database

GIIN's IRIS

Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN)
IRIS+ provides streamlined, practical, how-to guidance on integrating social and environmental factors into investment decision making. It is free to use.
Online tool/database

Proteus

Other Industry / Sector Specific Groups & Sponsored Organisations
Proteus is a global collaboration aimed at providing companies with biodiversity information needed to better inform decisions, and to support the development, improvement and dissemination of global biodiversity data and information.
Organisation

Transforming global finance for climate action: Addressing misaligned incentives and unlocking opportunities

Global Sustainable Investment Alliance
The report identifies systemic barriers preventing the flow of capital to climate-positive projects. It introduces the PIVOT framework, outlining policy vacuum, misaligned incentives, valuation challenges, inactive ownership, and transition misalignment. The report provides actionable solutions for policymakers, investors, and stakeholders to align finance with the Paris Agreement.
Research
14 November 2024

Adapt now: A global call for leadership on climate resilience

World Resources Institute
The report highlights the urgent need for global climate adaptation. It presents evidence and solutions across key sectors—food, water, infrastructure, cities, and finance—emphasising economic benefits, social equity, and environmental preservation. This call to action seeks transformative planning, finance mobilisation, and inclusive leadership for a resilient future.
Research
14 September 2019

Aviva case study: Tackling deforestation – a central part of our climate and biodiversity efforts

Global Canopy
The Aviva case study demonstrates the company's efforts to tackle deforestation as part of their climate and biodiversity strategies. Aviva uses data from various sources to assess deforestation risks in its corporate holdings, real assets, and sovereign debt.
Research
30 January 2024

Activating private investment in adaptation: Turning capital flight risk into the next multibillion opportunity

Investor Group on Climate Change
This report highlights the need to scale private investment in climate adaptation to mitigate capital flight from vulnerable areas. It outlines barriers like resilience valuation and fiduciary concerns, and recommends actions for governments and investors to facilitate resilience innovation, regulatory support, and shared understanding of physical risks, ensuring long-term economic stability and community protection.
Research
7 November 2024

Topo Finance

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Topo Finance is a non-profit organisation dedicated to transforming the financial sector into a force for creating a more climate-safe and just world. They provide free advisory and consulting services to help companies align their financial management with environmental and social objectives. Additionally, Topo Finance develops pioneering research and publicly available tools to illuminate the hidden link between finances and climate change, enabling individuals and organisations to maximise the positive impact of their finances.
Organisation
1 research item

CSIRO's state of the climate reports

CSIRO
This series offers insights into Australia’s climate changes based on comprehensive research from the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. Each report synthesises data on climate trends, impacts, and projections, guiding informed decision-making for sustainable environmental and economic resilience.
Benchmark/series

Land and Climate Review

Commercial Research Providers
Land and Climate Review focuses on advancing dialogue and collaboration around land use and climate change issues. The organisation provides research, insights, and practical guidance to inform decision-makers. It aims to promote evidence-based solutions that enhance sustainable land management and climate resilience, supporting the integration of sustainability into finance practices.
Organisation

Climate allocation compass, a framework for real-world decarbonization (Compass-FRWD)

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment
This report presents a multi-asset class decarbonisation framework aimed at bridging the global climate investment gap and guiding financial institutions in capital allocation strategies to decarbonise the real economy. The framework includes steps to set emission reduction targets, allocate capital accordingly, and monitor progress using metrics like the Net Zero Deviation Index (NZDI), while emphasising collaboration with policymakers and stakeholders.
Research
15 October 2024

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment

Academic Institutions
Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI) is a leading research centre focused on sustainable investment practices. CCSI provides resources, analysis, and tools to support responsible investment in natural resources and infrastructure. Its work promotes social, environmental, and economic sustainability while addressing issues like human rights and community engagement.
Organisation
3 research items

The new disclosure landscape - Comparing sustainability standards and regulations: ESRS, IFRS S1/S2, SEC Climate Rule, and CA SB 253/261

ERM SustainAbility Institute
This report compares major sustainability disclosure regulations, including the ESRS, IFRS S1/S2, SEC Climate Rule, and California’s SB 253/261. It provides an overview of their scope, implementation timelines, reporting requirements, and penalties, helping companies understand the complex landscape and align disclosures across multiple frameworks to reduce compliance burdens and enhance transparency.
Research
16 September 2024

Learning from climate change news: Is the world on the same page?

This study analyses differences in climate change reporting across seven newspapers from Australia, Canada, and the UK. Using machine learning, it highlights variations based on country, political orientation, and key climate events. The research uncovers differing terminology and approaches, with more urgent language emerging over time, reflecting increasing global awareness of climate change.
Research
20 March 2024

Sustainable behavior in climate pledges: An analysis of top emitters’ strategies

World Resources Institute
This report analyses how the top 20 highest-emitting countries address pro-climate behaviour through their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It highlights that while progress has been made in promoting electric vehicles, public transport, and household energy efficiency, crucial areas like sustainable diets and air travel are often overlooked, limiting the potential for impactful change.
Research
2 October 2024
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