Library | ESG issues
Deforestation
Deforestation involves the removal of natural forests, often for agriculture or urban development, leading to carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and habitat destruction. Sustainable forestry practices, such as replanting and conservation, are crucial for mitigating its environmental and social impacts. Key drivers include agriculture, timber production, mining, urban expansion, energy development, and textile manufacturing, all of which contribute to forest loss through land clearing and resource extraction.
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Opportunity mapping
The Opportunity Mapping tool by UNEP/GRID overlays global data on ecosystem distribution and human exposure to hazards, pinpointing areas where ecosystem protection or restoration may reduce disaster risk and protect the greatest number of people.
Tobacco tactics
Tobacco Tactics is a knowledge-exchange platform from the University of Bath’s Tobacco Control Research Group. It compiles rigorous academic research and monitoring on the global tobacco industry—its products, influences, themes and companies—in an accessible format.
DBS Bank
DBS Bank India is a digital-led universal bank offering personal, SME, corporate and wealth management services. Features include resident and non-resident (NRI) savings and fixed deposit accounts, remittance, loans, digital payments and credit/debit card solutions. Positions as Asia’s safest bank with a wide India branch network.
ShareAction's point of no return series
The Point of No Returns benchmark series assesses the world’s largest asset managers on responsible investment across climate, biodiversity, social issues, governance, and stewardship. Published by ShareAction, the series provides rankings, sector-wide analysis, and examples of practice to guide improvement and accountability.
Just transition, environment and social considerations for the aviation fuel transition: An investor guide
This guide outlines environmental, social, and just transition considerations for investors in aviation’s fuel shift. It compares biofuels and e-fuels, highlights regulatory and biodiversity risks, and provides engagement questions to assess companies’ transition strategies, ensuring alignment with climate goals while safeguarding communities and long-term financial stability.
Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS)
Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) is a Hamburg-based research institute established in 2009 under Germany’s high-tech strategy. As part of Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, GERICS employs an interdisciplinary team of over 80 scientists. It develops prototype climate-service products—such as fact-sheets, city series and signal maps—to support decision-makers adapting to climate change.
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) is a leading interdisciplinary German research institute advancing the science of climate impacts and global sustainability. With around 480 international staff, PIK conducts Earth-system modelling, integrated analysis and policy advisory to support evidence-based climate solutions. Member of the Leibniz Association.
Climate Analytics
Climate Analytics is a global climate science and policy institute driving climate action aligned to the 1.5 °C warming limit. It empowers vulnerable countries via targeted research, analysis, diplomacy and tools—from impact and risk assessment to decarbonisation pathways—to inform national planning and international negotiations.
Greenhouse Gas Protocol
GHG Protocol (Greenhouse Gas Protocol) sets globally recognised greenhouse-gas accounting standards and guidance. Developed by World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development, it enables businesses, governments and cities to measure, report and manage emissions—covering operations, value chains and mitigation actions across Scopes 1, 2 and 3.
Unlocking the sustainable transition for agribusiness
This report examines how entrenched political and market structures hinder agribusinesses from transitioning to sustainable models. It identifies three systemic “lock-ins” and outlines how policy reforms, financial incentives, and political commitment can unlock agribusiness potential to drive food system transformation at scale and pace.
Global protocol for community-scale greenhouse gas inventories: Supplemental guidance for forests and trees
This supplemental report provides standardised methods for communities to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and carbon removals from forests and trees. It expands the global protocol for community-scale greenhouse gas inventories by offering detailed guidance for accounting Scope 1 emissions and removals, supporting local climate action planning and integration with national inventories.
Greenhouse gas protocol land sector and removals initiative: Project overview
The greenhouse gas protocol’s land sector and removals initiative aims to develop internationally accepted corporate guidance for accounting and reporting emissions and removals from land use, bioenergy, and carbon removal. It seeks to improve transparency, support target-setting, and align with climate goals through a multi-stakeholder, science-based process.
GHG protocol agricultural guidance: Interpreting the corporate accounting and reporting standard for the agricultural sector
The GHG protocol agricultural guidance provides a framework for agricultural companies to develop greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories aligned with the Corporate Standard. It offers sector-specific methodologies to account for direct and indirect emissions, carbon stock changes, and unique agricultural factors such as land use change and biological processes. The guidance enhances consistency, transparency, and usability of agricultural GHG data for decision-making and reporting.
The greenhouse gas protocol: Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) guidance for GHG project accounting
The land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) guidance for GHG project accounting provides structured methods to quantify and report greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from reforestation and forest management projects. It supplements the GHG Protocol for Project Accounting, detailing baseline procedures, monitoring, and risk mitigation approaches specific to land-based carbon projects.
Nature-related financial disclosures: Frequently asked questions
This FAQ guide explains key concepts in nature-related financial disclosures, including biodiversity, dependencies, impacts, and the TNFD framework. It outlines disclosure requirements, materiality, governance responsibilities, and greenwashing risks, offering practical insights for businesses preparing for future regulatory expectations and aligning with international sustainability standards.
The root cause of nature loss: Forests, why they matter, and how to assess deforestation risk in investment portfolios through nature-related data
This report outlines how deforestation, particularly in tropical forests, is a key driver of biodiversity loss and climate change. It presents the risks to institutional investors—physical, transition, and systemic—and offers a framework to assess deforestation exposure in portfolios using nature-related data and metrics across sectors and geographies..
