Library | ESG issues

Greenwashing

Greenwashing refers to the misleading practice of overstating or falsely presenting an organisation’s environmental or sustainability efforts. It can involve deceptive marketing, incomplete disclosures, or exaggerated claims about products and corporate practices. In finance, greenwashing undermines ESG credibility, leading to reputational damage, legal risks, and loss of investor trust. Strengthening transparency and accountability is essential to ensure capital supports truly sustainable initiatives and maintains market integrity.

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Tobacco tactics

Tobacco Control Research Group (TCRG)
Tobacco Tactics is a knowledge-exchange platform from the University of Bath’s Tobacco Control Research Group. It compiles rigorous academic research and monitoring on the global tobacco industry—its products, influences, themes and companies—in an accessible format.
Online tool/database

Tobacco Control Research Group (TCRG)

Academic Institutions
Tobacco Control Research Group (TCRG) at the University of Bath conducts international, multidisciplinary research into the tobacco industry’s influence on health and policy. TCRG generates evidence to support effective tobacco control, informs public health policy, and provides training on industry monitoring and accountability to advance global health outcomes.
Organisation
2 research items

The end of ESG: Financial management, forthcoming

This report argues that ESG is both essential and ordinary: vital as a driver of long-term value but not unique compared to other intangibles such as culture or innovation. It cautions against over-emphasising ESG metrics, politicisation, and superficial classification, advocating instead a broader focus on overall sustainable value creation.
Research
4 January 2023

Survey of CFA institute members on latest ESG matters

CFA Institute
The CFA Institute survey (Nov 2021) captures member views on ESG integration and sustainability reporting. Respondents support flexibility in ESG integration, oppose government mandates, and favour global product disclosure standards. They also prefer mandatory, globally consistent sustainability reporting with regulatory frameworks in place before adoption.
Research
16 November 2021

ESG and responsible institutional investing around the world: A critical review

CFA Institute
This report reviews global ESG and responsible investing practices, focusing on definitions, regulation, climate finance, and institutional investor roles. It evaluates evidence from academic research and PRI data, highlighting investor influence, governance, and engagement strategies, while noting challenges around ratings, greenwashing, and measuring real outcomes.
Research
20 May 2020

London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG)

Commercial Research Providers
LSEG (London Stock Exchange Group) is a global financial markets infrastructure and data provider. It delivers market-data, analytics, news and index products to over 44,000 customers in more than 170 countries. LSEG’s services cover capital markets, post-trade operations, risk management and information services.
Organisation
1 research item

Opportunity Green

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Opportunity Green (OG) is a UK-based charity founded in 2021 that harnesses legal, economic and policy expertise to drive climate justice. OG focuses on equity, justice and accountability across overlooked sectors—aviation, shipping, buildings, steel, agriculture—championing decarbonisation, legal innovation and coalition-building for a 1.5 °C-aligned future.
Organisation
1 research item

Guidance for leveraging the Singapore-Asia taxonomy in green and transition financing

Singapore Sustainable Finance Association (SSFA)
This report provides practical guidance for applying the Singapore-Asia Taxonomy (SAT) in green and transition financing. It addresses data gaps, evolving criteria, transition plans, and scenarios where full alignment with SAT is not possible, promoting credible financing practices across Southeast Asia’s key sectors.
Research
10 July 2025

Estimating and reporting the comparative emissions impacts of products

World Resources Institute
This report outlines a neutral framework for estimating and reporting the greenhouse gas impacts of products, both positive and negative. It advocates the use of consequential methods for decision-making, highlights methodological challenges in attributional approaches, and recommends transparency and completeness in emissions assessments and corporate reporting.
Research
23 March 2023

RIAA policy platform: Sustainable finance for a thriving Aotearoa New Zealand 2023 and beyond

Responsible Investment Association Australasia (RIAA)
This report outlines RIAA’s policy platform to strengthen sustainable finance in Aotearoa New Zealand. It recommends a national strategy, clearer ESG disclosures, taxonomy alignment with global standards, anti-greenwashing measures, Māori inclusion, human rights protections, and alignment with biodiversity and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Research
28 August 2023

Corporate climate litigation in Australasia: (Re)shaping the private law-climate interface

The report examines how corporate climate litigation in Australia and New Zealand is shaping private law. It highlights legal actions involving directors’ duties, disclosure obligations, consumer protections, and tort law. The analysis shows incremental adaptations in private law to address climate change impacts, especially through anti-greenwashing and climate accountability claims.
Research
9 June 2025

Targeting net zero: The need to redesign bank decarbonization targets

Reclaim Finance
This report examines the limitations of current bank decarbonisation targets and proposes design reforms to align with net zero. It analyses scope coverage, target types, and sector alignment, offering practical recommendations for enhancing climate credibility and effectiveness in financial institutions’ transition planning.
Research
18 September 2024

Market Forces

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Market Forces works to hold financial institutions accountable for funding environmentally harmful projects. Based in Australia, it campaigns for banks, superannuation funds and governments to align investments with climate goals. Market Forces provides research, advocacy tools and transparency on fossil fuel financing to support climate-conscious financial decision-making.
Organisation

RIAA Policy Platform 2025: Harnessing sustainable finance for a thriving Australia

Responsible Investment Association Australasia (RIAA)
The RIAA Policy Platform 2025 outlines nine policy priorities and two principles to align Australia’s finance system with sustainability goals. It recommends regulatory reforms, improved data, Indigenous inclusion, and stronger accountability to mobilise capital for a net zero, nature-positive economy that supports long-term economic resilience and societal wellbeing.
Research
3 April 2025

The value of NGO activism

NGO campaigns alleging environmental and social “E&S-washing” lead to negative stock and media responses, especially on financially material issues. Firms reduce direct emissions following climate-related allegations—often shifting them to supply chains. NGOs also prompt investor engagement, suggesting a monitoring role despite unintended consequences such as increased indirect emissions.
Research
2 April 2024

Nature-related financial disclosures: Frequently asked questions

Governance Institute of Australia
This FAQ guide explains key concepts in nature-related financial disclosures, including biodiversity, dependencies, impacts, and the TNFD framework. It outlines disclosure requirements, materiality, governance responsibilities, and greenwashing risks, offering practical insights for businesses preparing for future regulatory expectations and aligning with international sustainability standards.
Research
1 July 2024
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